Exam

Question 1

bandwagon

Answer 1

claiming something is true because everyone says it is

Question 2

equivication

Answer 2

using a pun

Question 3

red herring

Answer 3

trying to redirect a topic

Question 4

composition

Answer 4

assuming that some parts of a whole will be the same as the whole

Question 5

hasty generalization

Answer 5

claim based on no evidence

Question 6

slippery slope

Answer 6

a small event that will lead to another one and spiral

Question 7

what are the 4 basic steps of any pattern of scientific reasoning

Answer 7

identifying the problem
gathering data
formulating hypothesis
testing hypothesis

Question 8

what are the different advertising ploys?

Answer 8

humour
slogans/jingles
anxiety ads
promise ads
urgency ads
puffery
sex appeal
celebrity ads
image ads
emotive language
fine print
feel good
identification ads
weasel words

Question 9

what are 4 hallmarks out of 6 for pseudo-science?

Answer 9

claims that are not testable
inconsistent with findings
ignores false evidence
uses vague language
lacks progression
fails to undertake research

Question 10

what are some premise indicators?

Answer 10

since
because
given that
inasmuchas
in view of the fact that

Question 11

what are some conclusion indicators

Answer 11

therefore
so
it follows that
thus
for this reason
as a result

Question 12

what are some deduction indicator words?

Answer 12

certainly
definitely
absolutely
it logically follows that

Question 13

what are some induction indicator words?

Answer 13

probably
likely
plausible
chances are

Question 14

for the strict necessity test: if the conclusion follows the premises then it is…

Answer 14

deductive

Question 15

for the strict neccessity test: if the conclusion does not logically follow the premises then it is…

Answer 15

inductive

Question 16

what type of argument is the common pattern test for?

Answer 16

deductive

Question 16

what are the defenses of advertisments?

Answer 16

freedom of expression
survival of media outlets
stimulates competition
fuels our mass media consumption

Question 16

if A then B.
A.
Therefore, B

Answer 16

common pattern test

Question 16

criticisms of advertising

Answer 16

invasive
annoying
interferes with daily lives
demeans culture
harmful stereotypes

Question 16

if a deductive argument is valid and all premises are true it is…

Answer 16

sound

Question 17

if a deductive argument is valid and not everything is true it is…

Answer 17

unsound

Question 18

if an inductive argument is true and strong it is…

Answer 18

cogent

Question 19

if an inductive argument is weak it is…

Answer 19

uncogent

Question 20

what are the 4 categorical logic forms

Answer 20

all s are p
no s are p
some s are p
some s are not p

Question 21

propositional language:

p q. P&Q

Answer 21

T. T T
F. T F
T. F F
F. F F

Question 22

what is a non-randomized prospective study?

Answer 22

people who have already been exposed to what you are testing

Question 22

what is a non-randomized retrospective?

Answer 22

these people already exhibit certain effects of the study

Question 23

what does scope means?

Answer 23

how much it explains

Question 24

fruitfullness?

Answer 24

produces new research opportunities

Question 25

fit?

Answer 25

how well it fits with other research

Question 26

simplicity

Answer 26

research is not overly complicated

Question 27

echo chamber

Answer 27

ideas or information that is never challenged or questioned (conspiracy theories)

Question 28

confirmation bias

Answer 28

seek and trust any information that confirms one own bias

Question 29

false alternatives

Answer 29

truth may fall in between a favoured side

Question 30

inappropriate appeal to authority

Answer 30

some people are not qualified to give advice and information on certain topics

Question 31

bandwagon

Answer 31

doing what is popular and what everyone else does