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V300 Pharmacology Definitions > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Bioavailability

A

Amount of drug present in the body that reaches the systemic circulation unchanged

I.e IV = 100%

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2
Q

First Pass Metabolism

A

The amount of drug lost though Gastrointestinal Transit due to large surface area for absorption before it reaches systemic circulation

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3
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

What the body does to the drug in the process of ADME, This includes the process of drug through , into and out of the body

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4
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

What the drug does to the body and the mechanism of action

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5
Q

Free drug

A

A drug unchanged not bound to a protein

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6
Q

Water soluble

A

Has difficulty crossing the cell membrane so remains in circulation so not as well distributed, so rapidly cleared by the liver and kidneys

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7
Q

Lipid Soluble

A

Easier to cross cell membrane distribution is more widespread and elimination/excretion is slower but absorption is higher as is distribution

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8
Q

Distribution

A

How a drug is dispersed or disseminated around the body to get to its site of action.
The amount of drug in the body - how widely a drug is distributed in body tissue.
Into body fluids, tissues, organs or protein bound

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9
Q

Half Life

A

The amount of time it takes a drug to reduce by 50% in the body

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10
Q

Steady State

A

When there is the same amount of drug entering the body as being eliminted

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11
Q

Metabolism

A

How the body breaks down a drug into its component parts for activation, elimination or excretion.
Reduces drug activity, creates metabolites or activates a drug such as a prodrug as a metabolite

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12
Q

Renal Excretion

A

The process or removing a drug from the body via the kidneys after being metabolised by the liver into a water soluble state

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13
Q

EGFR

A

A measure of how well the kidney are working/filtration via the Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule. Identified via a blood test and calculated taking into account : ethnicity, sex and age

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14
Q

Enterohepatic recirculation

A

When a drug is excreted in the bile, and then re absorbed into the intestines/gut and transported back to the liver by the hepatic portal

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15
Q

Type A drug reaction

A

Augmented drug reaction , usually dose dependant, likely predictable and can be anticipated as part of a side effect or normal drug reaction

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16
Q

Type B drug Reaction

A

Bizzare and non predictable, not dose related and likely related to the individual response

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17
Q

Absorption

A

The movement of the drug into blood circulation.
The process of the drug moving from site of administration to the systemic circulation - diffusion facilitated by movement from an area of high concentration into an area of low concentration by active and passive transport

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18
Q

Excretion

A

The process of removal of a drug from the body as a metabolite or unchanged drug

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19
Q

8 Modes of excretion

A
  1. Bile
  2. Tears
  3. Breast milk
  4. Saliva
  5. Renal
  6. Faecal
  7. Respiration
  8. Perspiration
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20
Q

BNF ADR’s in the Elderly

A
  1. Constipation
  2. Confusion
  3. Hypotension
  4. Falls
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21
Q

Drug Affinity

A

How well a drug binds to a receptor

22
Q

Therapeutic Index /Window

A

The range of dose at which a drug is effective without unacceptable adverse reaction/events
I.e. the window of a dose between ineffective or toxic

23
Q

Agonist

A

Binds to a receptor to create, illicit or active a response

24
Q

Antagonist

A

Binds to a receptor to block, prevent or stops a response

25
Q

Cytochrome P450

A

A Hemoprotein that plays a key role in the metabolism of drugs in the liver, more than 50 enzymes in this class, with 6 main active to metabolise approx. 90% of known drugs

26
Q

Albumin

A

Is a transport protein in drug circulation

27
Q

Ligand

A

Is a protein molecule that binds to a receptor , can be a hormone, a neurotransmitter or a chemical from a pharmaceutical drug

28
Q

What is a prescribing error

A

Can occur at any stage of teh prescribing process including:
Prescribing
Administering, preparing, dispensing, monitoring and reviewing or upon providing advice about a drug

29
Q

Topical Administration

A

For higher absorption at site reducing amount of drug else where in the body

30
Q

Transdermal administration

A

Used to prolong the administration of a drug via the skin

31
Q

Factors affecting absorption

A

Physiological:
Renal & hepatic impairment
Blood flow
Surface area
Site of administration and contact time

Chemical:
Lipid/water soluble
Ion Channels and degree of ionisation
Chemical stability

32
Q

Factors affecting distribution

A

Renal and hepatic impairment
Blood flow/circulation/barriers
Solubility
Amount of drug bound to proteins
Muscle and a tissue mass
Obesity and oedema

33
Q

Pro Drug

A

A drug that needs to be metabolised to become active

34
Q

Targets for drug blinding

A

Ion channels
Receptors
Enzymes

35
Q

Receptors

A

Is a glycoprotein in cell membrane that bind to ligands

36
Q

Specificity

A

When a drug binds to a specific receptor

37
Q

Ion Channels

A

aids movement between cell membranes though ionisation
Eg channel blockers or channel modulators in order to block or open the flow

38
Q

Drug interaction

A

When a drug encounter another natural or unnaturally occurring chemical that alters the intended action of a drug

39
Q

Enteral routes of administration

A
  1. Oral
  2. Sublingual
  3. Rectal
  4. PEG/NG
40
Q

Parenteral Routes of Administration

A
  1. IV
  2. IM
  3. SC
  4. Topical/Transdermal
41
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

In place to prevent toxic substances from reaching the brain or progressing through the placenta in pregnancy.
Crossing is usually by passive diffusion in small molecules that dissolve into lipid membranes

42
Q

Three Key distribution Pathways

A
  1. Protein Bound - takes longer to excrete
  2. Into body Fluids - is quicker to excrete as water soluble
  3. Into tissues and organs - free drug have a higher bioavailability
43
Q

Factors affecting Plasma Protein levels

A

Can be affected by Hepatic Impairmet due to less albumin being made reducing amount of protein.
Muscle wasting diseases can affect this
In ITU proteins and albumin can be replaced .
Patients with reduced Plasma proteins will require dose adjustment to prevent toxicity from increased free drug levels

44
Q

Phase 1 Metabolism

A

Modification :
Reduction, Oxidisation or hydrolysis reactions converts lipophilic drugs into polar molecules

45
Q

Phase 2 metabolism

A

Conjugation:
By coupling a drug and/or its metabolites to another molecule in order to make it water soluble

46
Q

Enzyme Inhibitors

A

Reacts with Enzymes to reduce/stop a reaction

47
Q

Enzymes Inducer

A

Increases metabolic activity by binding and activating it

48
Q

Competitive Antagonist

A

Binds to the same site as a agonist blocking its action
E.g. Naloxone

49
Q

Irreversible Antagonist

A

An antagonist that binds permanently to a receptor until the cell produces a new receptor

50
Q

Carrier ION

A

Helps move IONS between lipophilic and hydrophilic mediums to permeate membranes

V300 Pharmacology Definitions (1 decks)

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