exam Flashcards
Germinal stage
The egg is fertilized (the zygote) goes thru the division. Women are born with immature eggs, men start producing sperm only with puberty.
Embryonic stage
Embryo is provided with nourishment and oxygen by the placenta. Organs begin to form, heart begins to form the first.
Biological differences
Women -> born with their immature eggs
Men -> start producing sperm at puberty
Placenta
Whatever the mother breathes, eats, or drinks may impact the course of development
the effects of substances
-Alcohol - fetal alcohol syndrome, alcoholism later in life
-Tobacco - cleft palate, low birth weight
-STDs - mental retardation, blindness
-X-rays - abnormalities, attention problems.
Fetal stage (2nd Trimester)
-Fetus starts moving
-Hearing -> first sensation to be matured
3rd Trimester
Baby weight -> 6-9 pounds
Genotype
Phenotype
genetic characteristics
physical characteristics
Infancy - trust vs mistrust
(0-18 months) If a baby is provided with all the necessary conditions it grows up to trust the world, if not – they don`t trust the world.
Authority vs Shame and doubt
(Early childhood) If a baby doesnt succeed in some things that are given expectations (ex. potty-training) and the reaction of family is negative they will feel like they cant succeed ever.
Initiate vs guilt
Preschool. Start to fight for their independence.
Industry (productivity) vs inferiority
School. Separation, socialization. Concept of good and evil.
identity vs role confusion
Who you are expected to be vs who you really are
intimacy vs isolation
Intimate relationships
Love and commitment
generativity vs stagnation
passing smthg to the next generation, midlife crisis
ego integrity vs despair
looking back and feeling good/bad abt your life
Secure attachment
a child feels confident exploring new environment
Insecure attachment
a child stresses the moment mom isn`t there, and even when the mom comes back the child is not happy, because what if she leaves again.
Avoidant attachment
a child doesnt trust even the mother and is okay with being alone, because they dont trust anyone, and is okay even when the mother comes back.
Authoritarian parent style
inflexibility, close minded, strict rules and expectations, overcontrolling.
Authoritative parent style
direct rather than control. Issue oriented parenting, the rules are explained and the responsibilities are healthy
Permissive parent style
rules not enforced, no boundaries, more friends than parental figures
Uninvolved parent style
no rules, not responsive, not emotionally available.
Schema accommodation
Old schema is adapted to integrate new info. Stimulus discrimination.
Schema assimilation
New info is inserted into existing schema. Stimulus generalization.
cognitive stages
-Sensory and motor – a child`s focus is on moving and senses, realization that objects that are not in their sight are still in the room. 4 y old.
-Preoperational – the baby understands and expresses itself thru language better, letters become words, symbolic thinking develops. 2-7 years old
-The concrete operational stage – conversation, reversibility, classification, seriation
-Formal operational stage – 12 understanding big topics, debating them
Sex
Primary: reproduction system
Secondary: voice, body hair
Gender
Social construction, is a performance
Gender schema theory
Children make schemas for masculinity and femininity
Our gender can be changed based on our experience
Identity statues
- Foreclosure – high commitment to the identities that you are exposed to, often being your family and/or community, no exploration.
- Diffusion – low commitment to search for identity, low exploration, not sure what their identity will or should be.
- Moratorium – actively seeking an identity, exploring yourself and your beliefs and values independently. Still low commitment though.
- Achievement – high commitment, high exploration, the goals and values are emerged.
Imaginary audience
self-conscious behavior, thinking others are watching and judging.
Personal fable (fabulous lol
risk-taking behavior, thinking you are special, and difficulties won`t affect you, even if they most likely will.
Biopsychosocial approach
- Biological – pre-frontal cortex isn
t fully developed (decision making, planning, judging), isnt able to manage limbic system. Leads to risk-taking and impulsive decisions. The frontal lobe develops fully at 24-25. - Psychological – personal fable
- Social – influence of peers.
moral development levels
Pre-conventional morality - right and wrong determined by rewards and punishment. punishment/obedience. you need to behave right to get rewards.
Conventional morality - seeking approval, avoiding the blame. good intentions, understanding authorities
Post-conventional morality - abstract understanding of justice. difference between legal and moral rights. individual principles of consequence
Internal Validity
accuracy
Construct validity
Does it provide accurate measurement of morality
Demand characteristic
respond in a way they think the researcher wants them to
Social desirability bias
desire to impress the researcher
Predictive validity
Would the test predict principled moral behavior
