exam

Question 1

Germinal stage

Answer 1

The egg is fertilized (the zygote) goes thru the division. Women are born with immature eggs, men start producing sperm only with puberty.

Question 2

Embryonic stage

Answer 2

Embryo is provided with nourishment and oxygen by the placenta. Organs begin to form, heart begins to form the first.

Question 2

Biological differences

Answer 2

Women -> born with their immature eggs
Men -> start producing sperm at puberty

Question 2

Placenta

Answer 2

Whatever the mother breathes, eats, or drinks may impact the course of development

Question 3

the effects of substances

Answer 3

-Alcohol - fetal alcohol syndrome, alcoholism later in life
-Tobacco - cleft palate, low birth weight
-STDs - mental retardation, blindness
-X-rays - abnormalities, attention problems.

Question 4

Fetal stage (2nd Trimester)

Answer 4

-Fetus starts moving
-Hearing -> first sensation to be matured

Question 5

3rd Trimester

Answer 5

Baby weight -> 6-9 pounds

Question 6

Genotype
Phenotype

Answer 6

genetic characteristics
physical characteristics

Question 7

Infancy - trust vs mistrust

Answer 7

(0-18 months) If a baby is provided with all the necessary conditions it grows up to trust the world, if not – they don`t trust the world.

Question 8

Authority vs Shame and doubt

Answer 8

(Early childhood) If a baby doesnt succeed in some things that are given expectations (ex. potty-training) and the reaction of family is negative they will feel like they cant succeed ever.

Question 9

Initiate vs guilt

Answer 9

Preschool. Start to fight for their independence.

Question 10

Industry (productivity) vs inferiority

Answer 10

School. Separation, socialization. Concept of good and evil.

Question 11

identity vs role confusion

Answer 11

Who you are expected to be vs who you really are

Question 12

intimacy vs isolation

Answer 12

Intimate relationships
Love and commitment

Question 13

generativity vs stagnation

Answer 13

passing smthg to the next generation, midlife crisis

Question 14

ego integrity vs despair

Answer 14

looking back and feeling good/bad abt your life

Question 15

Secure attachment

Answer 15

a child feels confident exploring new environment

Question 16

Insecure attachment

Answer 16

a child stresses the moment mom isn`t there, and even when the mom comes back the child is not happy, because what if she leaves again.

Question 17

Avoidant attachment

Answer 17

a child doesnt trust even the mother and is okay with being alone, because they dont trust anyone, and is okay even when the mother comes back.

Question 18

Authoritarian parent style

Answer 18

inflexibility, close minded, strict rules and expectations, overcontrolling.

Question 19

Authoritative parent style

Answer 19

direct rather than control. Issue oriented parenting, the rules are explained and the responsibilities are healthy

Question 20

Permissive parent style

Answer 20

rules not enforced, no boundaries, more friends than parental figures

Question 21

Uninvolved parent style

Answer 21

no rules, not responsive, not emotionally available.

Question 22

Schema accommodation

Answer 22

Old schema is adapted to integrate new info. Stimulus discrimination.

Question 23

Schema assimilation

Answer 23

New info is inserted into existing schema. Stimulus generalization.

Question 24

cognitive stages

Answer 24

-Sensory and motor – a child`s focus is on moving and senses, realization that objects that are not in their sight are still in the room. 4 y old.
-Preoperational – the baby understands and expresses itself thru language better, letters become words, symbolic thinking develops. 2-7 years old
-The concrete operational stage – conversation, reversibility, classification, seriation
-Formal operational stage – 12 understanding big topics, debating them

Question 25

Sex

Answer 25

Primary: reproduction system
Secondary: voice, body hair

Question 26

Gender

Answer 26

Social construction, is a performance

Question 27

Gender schema theory

Answer 27

Children make schemas for masculinity and femininity
Our gender can be changed based on our experience

Question 28

Identity statues

Answer 28

1. Foreclosure – high commitment to the identities that you are exposed to, often being your family and/or community, no exploration.
2. Diffusion – low commitment to search for identity, low exploration, not sure what their identity will or should be.
3. Moratorium – actively seeking an identity, exploring yourself and your beliefs and values independently. Still low commitment though.
4. Achievement – high commitment, high exploration, the goals and values are emerged.

Question 29

Imaginary audience

Answer 29

self-conscious behavior, thinking others are watching and judging.

Question 30

Personal fable (fabulous lol

Answer 30

risk-taking behavior, thinking you are special, and difficulties won`t affect you, even if they most likely will.

Question 31

Biopsychosocial approach

Answer 31

• Biological – pre-frontal cortex isnt fully developed (decision making, planning, judging), isnt able to manage limbic system. Leads to risk-taking and impulsive decisions. The frontal lobe develops fully at 24-25.
• Psychological – personal fable
• Social – influence of peers.

Question 32

moral development levels

Answer 32

Pre-conventional morality - right and wrong determined by rewards and punishment. punishment/obedience. you need to behave right to get rewards.
Conventional morality - seeking approval, avoiding the blame. good intentions, understanding authorities
Post-conventional morality - abstract understanding of justice. difference between legal and moral rights. individual principles of consequence

Question 33

Internal Validity

Answer 33

accuracy

Question 34

Construct validity

Answer 34

Does it provide accurate measurement of morality

Question 35

Demand characteristic

Answer 35

respond in a way they think the researcher wants them to

Question 36

Social desirability bias

Answer 36

desire to impress the researcher

Question 37

Predictive validity

Answer 37

Would the test predict principled moral behavior