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Structural Geology Exam > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Folds are classified based on their orientations. Which of these below shows shallow plunge of hinge line?

A. 60-80°
B. 30-60°
C. 10-30°
D. 0-10°

A

C. 10-30°

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2
Q

Which of these shows gentle interlimb angle?

A. 180-170°
B. 170-90°
C. 90-10°
D. 10-0°

A

A. 180-170°

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3
Q

Isoclinal is a fold arrangement conferring to?

A. Age of Strata
B. axial plane orientation
C. Interlimb angle
D. layer thickness

A

C. Interlimb angle

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4
Q

Is this true? Rectangular boudins imply higher competence contrast and more brittle deformation than barrel-shaped boudins.

A. Uhm, yes
B. Uhm, no
C. No, because the latter indicates higher competency contrast but with more ductile deformation
D. Yes, but the latter also implies a higher competency contrast

A

A. Uhm, yes

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5
Q

It is a series of similarly oriented reverse faults that are connected through a low-angle floor

A. Duplex Structure
B. Horses
C. Imbrication Zone
D. Extensional Duplex
E. Accommodation zone
F.Horst

A

C. Imbrication Zone

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6
Q

What are disharmonic folds?

A. folds that are not balanced in a structure
B. folds that die out in a short distance
C. folds that lean or have a short limb
D. folds that are irregular and not harmonic

A

B. folds that die out in a short distance

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7
Q

These are linear structures that formed at the initial stage of fracture growth and may be polished and striated as slip accumulates

A. Striations
B. Chatter Marks
C. Currogations
D. Slickenlines
E. Strations
F. Corrugations
G. Ridge-in-groove lineations

A

F. Corrugations

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8
Q

It is boudinage in two directions, indicating two directions of finite extension within the layer implying flattening strain forming more or less square or rectangular boudins in three dimensions. What do you call it?

A. Asymmetric foliation boudinage
B. rectangular boudinage
C. Symmetric foliation boudinage
D. chocolate tablet boudinage

A

D. chocolate tablet boudinage

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9
Q

Foliation in coarse-grained metamorphic rocks, that appears as a parallel, planar arrangement of elongated or platy mineral grains is called?

A. quartzitic banding
B. schistocity
C. gneissic banding
D. schistosity
E. phyllitic cleavage
F. gniessic banding

A

D. schistosity

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10
Q

What type of fault displaces the hanging wall toward the hinterland, i.e. opposite to the general thrusting direction?

A. roof thrust
B. back-thrust
C. sole thrust
D. horst
E. horse

A

B. back-thrust

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11
Q

These are small folds geometrically related to large-scale fold. Classified as M, S, and Z shaped.

A. Ptygmatic folds
B. Disharmonic folds
C. Kink folds
D. Chevron folds
E. Parasitic folds

A

E. Parasitic folds

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12
Q

Shortening of crustal layers can result in a wide range of strain regimes and structures below, except:

A. dilation and cleavage formation
B. imbrication
C. slumping
D. none of the above
E. pure shear without folding

A

C. slumping

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13
Q

An erosional remnant of a nappe is called what?

A. Window
B. Fault Outlier
C. Outlier
D. None of the Above

A

C. Outlier

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14
Q

A nappe is allochthonous, leaving a fault inlier called?

A. Klippe
B. Fester
C. Autochthonous Material
D. Outlier
E. Window

A

E. Window

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15
Q

Which of the ff. is not an example of fold classification according to interlimb angle?

A. asymmetrical
B. overturned
C. plunging
D. gentle
E. None of the above

A

C. plunging

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16
Q

Presence of sulfur in salt domes are typical

A. True
B. False
C. Neither True or False
D. partly False

A

A. True

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17
Q

What type of structure is this→MMM

A. concentric folds
B. conjugate folds
C. chevron folds
D. kink bands

A

C. chevron folds

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18
Q

Which of the ff. rocks will show pencil cleavage?

A. claystone
B. sandstone
C. shale
D. limestone

A

C. shale

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19
Q

Alternating or segregated felsic and mafic layers (lepidoblastic biotites amphiboles) due to metamorphic differentiation or to local partial melting.

A. transposition
B. crenulation cleavage
C. slaty cleavage
D. schistosity
E. gneissic layering

A

E. gneissic layering

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20
Q

A texture is built of minerals and mineral aggregates with a preferred orientation that penetrate the rock at the microscopic to centimeter spacing scale.

A

False

21
Q

Cleavage is the low-temperature version of foliation and is best developed in rocks with abundant elongated minerals.

A

False

22
Q

Stylolitic cleavage is a type of compaction cleavage.

A

False

23
Q

Bending occurs when a competent layer in a less competent matrix is shortened parallel to the length of the layer.

A

False

24
Q

The minimum principal stress axis bisects the acute angle of conjugate faults.

A

False

25
Q

In-sequence thrusting enables the zone of contractional deformation to expand in the hinterland direction consistent with progressive broadening of active collision zones.

A

False

26
Q

A classic fault-bend-fold forms where a tectonic unit is passively transported over a ramp (bend) in its sole thrust.

A

True

27
Q

These are structures in which the beds dip away from a central point sometimes called doubly plunging anticlines_____________

A

DOMES

28
Q

A preferred orientation of clasts and phenocrysts obtained during sedimentation or crystallization is called_________________

A

PRIMARY FABRICS

29
Q

____________is generally used for any fabric-forming planar or curviplanar structure in a metamorphic rock, but may also include primary sedimentary bedding or magmatic layering

A

FOLIATION

30
Q

Classification of folds relative to hinge curvature is referred to as______________

A

BLUNTNESS

31
Q

_______________are two intersecting faults that formed under the same stress field. Such faults show opposite sense of shear and make 30° or an acute angle to sigma 1

A

CONJUGATE FAULTS

32
Q

6-7. The ____________ is the area in the central portion of the collision zone, and the ______________is the marginal part and thus farthest into the continent.

A

HINTERLAND, FORELAND

33
Q

________________are exposed portion (window) of the metamorphic rocks of the lower plate (footwall) of a low-angle normal fault (detachment). According to the original use of this term, the upper plate should be exposed to brittle deformation while the lower one contains mylonitic rocks formed in the plastic regime.

A

METAMORPHIC CORE COMPLEX

34
Q

________________is a large sheetlike body of rock that has been displaced by thrust faulting more than 2 to 5 km from its original position, formed during collisional tectonics.

A

NAPPE

35
Q

________________is the term which describes a tectonic unit that has been transported too far for direct correlation with the substrate.

A

ALLOCHTHONUS

36
Q

Slices of basement and perhaps its sedimentary cover thrust only a few kilometers or so are called_________________________

A

PARAUTOCHTHONOUS

37
Q

12-13. Contractional regimes create different foreland and hinterland deformation styles. ________________involves the shortening of Hinterland basement and consists of mostly metamorphic and magmatic rocks. While ________________ is characterized by deformed foreland areas where clastic thrust structures with duplexes and related folds appear.

A

THICK-SKINNED TECTONICS

THIN SKINNED TECTONICS

38
Q

The term _______________ refers to the ability of a rock to split into more or less parallel surfaces.

A

CLEAVAGE

39
Q

A spaced, usually disjunctive cleavage_______________

A

SOLUTION CLEAVAGE

40
Q

__________________is commonly used about early tectonic domainal cleavage in previously unfoliated rocks such as mudstones, sandstones and limestones. This term implies that the cleavage cuts across, rather than crenulating (folding), preexisting foliations.

A

DISJUNCTIVE CLEAVAGE

41
Q

The attitude of a linear structure________________

A

TREND

42
Q

_____________________is a tectonic unit or structure consisting of a series of typically S-shaped structures dipping toward the hinterland that are between a sole and a roof thrust.

A

DUPLEX

43
Q

_______________is a type of point defect wherein gaps in between atoms are occupied by another atom.

A

INTERSTITIAL

44
Q

_________________is the angle made by the linear structure with the horizontal, in the vertical plane parallel to its trend.

A

PLUNGE

45
Q

The smooth, grooved slip surface itself is called a ____________

A

SLICKENSIDES

46
Q

____________________typically has an S-shaped geometry in the vertical profile and they tend to dip toward the hinterland

A

HORSE

47
Q

_______________generated by simple shearing are perfectly similar folds.

A

PASSIVE FOLDS

48
Q

What fold is produced during a progressive development (shown below) from a contractional deformation __________________

A

FAULT- PROPAGATION FOLD

Structural Geology Exam (3 decks)

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