Exam Flashcards
Limb-sparing techniques (8)
Cortical allograft
Endoprosthesis
Pasteurized autograft
Ulnar roll-over
Lateral manus translation
Bone transport osteogenesis
Irradiated autograft
Stereotactic radiosurgery
Arthritis pathologies (3 7 8)
Rheumatoid PA
PA of Greyhounds
Feline chronic progressive PA (erosive, periosteal proliferation, enthesopathy, negative for rheumatoid factors, ++ hocks & carpi)
Type I idiopathic
Type II infection
Type III gastrointestinal
Type IV neoplasia
Drugs associated
Lupus erythematosus
Breed related (Shar pei, Akita)
Bacteria
L form bacteria
Borreliose
Mycoplasma
Leishmaniose
Fungal
Rickettsial (anaplasmose/ehrlichiose)
Mycobacteria
OCD treatments (7)
Palliative : debridment and lavage
Curative:
Curettage
Abrasion arthroplasty
Spongialization
Forage
Microfracture
Restorative:
Fragment reattachment/sutures
OATS
Synthetic osteochondral resurfacing
Osteotomies for elbow MCdisease (8)
BURP
CERO
DDUO
DPUO
PAUL
SHO
PURO
EHRO
Splenic pathologies (4 generalised, 7 focals)
Splenitis
Cellular hyperplasia
Congestion
Infiltration
Nodular hyperplasia
Hemangioma
Hamartoma
Abscess
Segmental infarction
Siderotic plaques
Neoplasia
Splenic surgery complications (7)
Hemorrhage
Vascular compromise (portal thrombosis, left limb of pancreas)
Arrhytmias
SIRS
GDV
Infection?
Oxygen transport/for athletic dogs
Sentinel LN detection (4)
Radionucleide
Methylene blue
Indocyanine green
Contrast product
Abdo hernias: muscles flaps (4)
Cranial sartorius
Rectus abdominis
External abdominal oblique
Latissimus dorsi
Diaph hernias: muscles flaps (3) + omentum
Latissimus dorsi
Rectus abdominis
Transversus abdominis
Peritonitis causes: 6 aseptics
Foreign body
Starch granulomatous (surgical glove powder)
Chemical
Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis
Parasitic peritonitis (mesocestoides)
Protozoal (neospora)
Peritonitis: 7 treatments points
Fluid
Antibiotics
Debridement/lavage
Drain
Nutritional support
MLK CRI
Blood pressure support
Gastroesophageal sphincter (4)
Thickening of the circumferential striated muscles layer
Angle esophageal / stomach
Diaphram crural muscles
Folds of gastroesophageal mucosa
Esophageal patching (12)
Vicryl mesh
ePTFE mesh
Porcine SIS
Omentum
Pericardium
Diaphragmatic pedicle flap
Sternothyroideus & longus colli muscles
External & internal intercostal muscles
Tubed lattissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap
Gastric advancement
Isoperistaltic or antiperistaltic gastric tubes
Multistage with inverse tubed skin grafts
Gastric viability (4 subj ; 3 obj)
Wall thickness
Serosal surface color
Serosal capillary perfusion
Peristalsis
Fluorescein
Scintigraphy
Laser Doppler flowmetry
Gastropexy techniques (7)
Incisional
Belt loop
Circumcostal
Incorporating / linea alba
Grid approach
Endoscopically assisted
Laparoscopic
Intestinal viability (2 obj)
Fluorescein
Surface oxymetry
Omentum properties (4)
Drainage
Angiogenesis
Immunogenic
Adhesive properties
Short bowel syndrom treatment (6)
Fluid
Meals small & frequent
Glutamine
Loperamide
Fat
Antibiotics
Colorectal resection: complications (7)
Hematochezia/dyschezia/tenesmus
Stricture
Infection
Dehiscence
Increased frequency of defecation & looser stool
Fecal incontinence
Lameness
Perianal fistula: surgical treatments (5)
High tail amputation
Surgical excision of sinuses & fistulous tracts & anal sacculectomy
Cryosurgery
Deroofing & fulguration
Laser excision
Perineal hernia causes (4)
Rectal abnormalities
Androgens
Relaxin / prostatic disease
Neurogenic atrophy
Perineal hernia localisations (4)
Caudal (levator ani / external sphincter ani/internal obturator)
Dorsolateral (levator ani/ coccygeus)
Laterally (coccygeus/sacrotuberous lig)
Ventrally (ischiouretralis, bulbocavernosus, ischiocarvenosus)
Perineal hernia: repair techniques (6)
Traditional herniorraphy
Internal obturator muscle transposition
Superficial gluteal muscle transposition
Semitendinosus muscle transposition
Prosthetic implants
Biomaterials (SIS / fascia lata)
Suturing two levator ani muscles together (for ventral ; or semitendinosus)
Perineal hernia: complications (8)
Infection
Dehiscence
Fecal incontinence
Sciatic nerve injury
Urinary incontinence
Tenesmus
Rectal prolapse
Recurrence
Hepatobiliary imaging (5)
Monitor over several days
Synthetic cholecystokinin (sincalide ; 40% gallbladder emptying within 1 hour)
Percutaneous contrast US guided cholecystography
Scintigraphy
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Hepatobiliary: stop hemorrhage (4)
Central venous pressure control
Inflow occlusion (Pringle maneuver) ; if continue : fail to occlude gastroduodenal vein, retrograde arterial flow from GD artery, backbleeding from hepatic veins
Inflow & outflow (Pringle + occlusion infra & suprahepatic vena cava)
Hepatic artery ligation
Hepatobiliary biopsy techniques (5)
Guillotine
Ultrasoniccally/VSD
Biopsy punch
Wedge biopsy
Laparoscopy cup biopsy forceps
Portosystemic shunts: tests (3)
Bile acids
Ammonia / ammonia tolerance test
Hyaluronic acid concentration
Portosystemic shunts: imaging (5)
Dual phase CT angiography
US / US guided percutaneous splenic injection of agitated saline
Scintigraphy (99Tc mebrofenin)
Portovenography
MRI
Portosystemic shunts: surgical treatments (5)
Ameroid constrictors
Hydraulic occluders
Suture ligation
Cellophan band
Intravascular coil embolization
Portal hypertension: visual signs (4)
Pallor/cyanosis of the intestines
Cyanosis/edema of the pancreas
Hyperperistaltis
Increased mesenteric vascular pulsations
Portosystemic shunts: complications (6)
Hypoglycemia
Seizures
Portal hypertension
Hemorrhage & anemia
GI ulceration
Recurrence
Pancreas biopsy (6)
Distal right limb ;
Tru cut
Clamshell
Small wedge
Guillotine
Blunt dissection & ligation
Laparo
Pancreas: right lobectomy techniques (3)
Blunt dissection from pancreaticoduodenal vessels
Preserve recurrent duodenal branch of right gastropepiploic artery
Maintain as much duodenal supply as possible while ligating & transecting communication between cranial & caudal pancreaticoduodenal arteries
Pancreas postop treatment (5)
Nutrition
Fluid
Analgesia
Antiemetics
Antiacids (omeprazole and famotidine)
Pancreas pseudocysts surgery (4)
Ultrasound aspiration
Cystoduedonostomy
Cystojejunostomy
Cystogastrostomy
Omentalization
Complete excision and drainage
Molecules if persistent hypoglycemia after insulinoma resection (4)
Streptozocin (destroys beta cells)
Glucocorticoid
Diazoxide (inhibits insulin secretion, stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis and inhibits use of glucose)
Octreotide (inhibits insulin synthesis & secretion)
Zollinger-Ellison syndrom defitinion (3)
Non beta cell neuroendocrine tumor
Hypergastrinemia
Gastrointestinal ulceration
Differential diagnoses nasal discharge (6)
Neoplasia
Polyps
Infectious (bacterial, viral, fungal)
FB
Dental
Idiopathic rhinosinusitis
Nasopharyngeal stenosis treatment (3)
Balloon dilatation
Stent
Extended palatoplasty
Nasal reconstruction techniques (4)
Purse-string suture
Musculofascial island labial flap
Full-thickness labial advancement flap
Cosmectic reconstruction of the nose
Stenotic nares surgical techniques (7)
Trader’s technique (amputation ventral portion of dorsal lateral nasal cartilage)
Lateral, vertical or horizontal wedge resection
Alapexy
Punch technique
Dorsal offset rhinoplasty
Advantages ventral rhinotomy (vs dorsal) (4)
More rapid recovery
Cosmetic
Less pain
Lower risk of subcutaneous emphysema
Techniques to avoid subcutaneaous emphysema when dorsal rhinotomy (3)
Minimizing SC dissection
Perfect periosteal closure
Leave a gap at the caudal end of the incision
Intrinsics muscles of larynx (6)
Crycoarytenoideus dorsalis
Cricoarytenoideus lateralis
Thyroarytenoideus
Arytenoideus tranversus
Hyoepiglotticus muscles
Cricothyroideus muscle
Laryngeal collapse stages (3)
Stage I: laryngeal saccule eversion
Stage II: cuneiform process (lose rigidity & medial displacement)
Stage III: corniculate processes collapse
Laryngeal paralysis: localisation causes (3)
Nucleus ambiguus
Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle
Vagus nerve or its branches (++ caudal laryngeal)
Laryngeal paralysis: techniques to diagnose it (3)
Ultrasonography
Laryngeal examination
EMG (not specific)
Laryngeal paralysis: surgical treatments (5)
Unilateral cricoarytenoid lateralization
Transoral partial laryngectomy
Ventral laryngotomy for partial laryngectomy
Castellated laryngofissure
Tracheostomy
Temporary tracheostomy techniques (3)
Tranverse
Vertical
Tracheal flap
Tracheostomy contraindications (3)
Mass or obstruction distal to the site
Tracheal collapse distal
Previous tracheal stent placement
Trachea resection: anastomotic options (2)
Split cartilage technique
Annular ligament cartilage technique
Trachea foreign body: techniques for remove (4)
Holding patient upside down and shaking
Via tracheobronchoscopy
Via fluoroscopic guidance (foley catheter technique)
Tracheotomy or lung lobectomy
Tracheal collapse surgical treatments (3)
Extraluminal prosthetic tracheal rings
Extraluminal Spiral prosthesis
Intraluminal Stent
Tracheal collapse: extraluminal prosthesis tracheal rings complications (5)
Laryngeal paralysis
Tracheal necrosis
Collapse beyond rings
Migration of the prosthesis
Tearing of t rachealis mebrane during suture placement (pneumothorax/pneumomediastin)
Tracheal stent: size and position
Positive pressure ventilation at 20cm H2O
Calibrated esophageal probe
+10/20% to the widest measured diameter of the trachea on positive pressure
1cm caudal to cricoid 1cm cranial to carina
or C3C4 IVD space & 4th rib
Tracheal stent: complications (6)
Stent fracture
Stent migration
Tracheitis
Collapse beyond stented region
Obstruction of the lumen via granulation tissue
Tracheal rupture
(rectal prolapse/perineal hernia)
Inspiratory muscles (4)
External intercostal
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenus
Serratus ventrali
Hypoxemia causes (5)
Hypoventilation
Low FiO2
Diffusion impairment (rare in small animals)
V/Q mismatch
Shunting
Thorax approaches (8)
Intercostal thoracotomy
Rib resection thoracotomy
Median sternotomy
Xiphoid resection thoracotomy
Transsternal thoracotomy
Transdiaphragmatic thoracotomy
Paracostal approach
Thoracoscopy
Thorax trauma: indications for surgery (5)
Hemorrhage
Pneumothorax
Sepsis
Rib fractures
Sucking chest wounds
Thoracic wall neoplasia (3)
Chondrosarcoma
Osteosarcoma
Fibrosarcoma
Thorax muscle flaps (5)
Latissimus dorsi
External abdominal oblique
Transversus adbominis
Diaphragm
Deep pectoral muscle
Chylous effusion tests (3)
Triglyceride (>x3) & cholesterol (<)
Sudan black (chylomicrons visibles & stain positively)
Ether clearance test
Minimum number crossing chinese finger trap for thoracostomy tube ?
6
How differentiate exsudate vs modifiate transsudate (3)
Lactate deshydrogenase concentration (226 IU/L)
Total protein ratio (0.56)
C-reactive (11 µg/mL)
3 bottle-system ; names ?
Collection
Water seal
Suction control
Lymphangiography injection sites (4)
Intestinal lymphangiography (mesenteric or ileocolic)
Popliteal
Perianal
Metatarsal
Chylothorax surgery: complications (5)
Persistent chylothorax
Persistent nonchylous pleural effusion
Lung lobe torsion
Pneumothorax
Sudden death
Thymomas: associate syndromas (3)
Cranial vena cava syndrome
Myasthenia gravis (+ megaesophagus)
Hypercalcemia
Cat : exfoliative dermatitis
Myasthenia: test?
Edrophonium chloride (Tensilon test)
Differentiate thymoma & thymic lymphoma (3)
Cytology (thymoma with mast c ells, eosinophils, RBC)
Flow cytometry
Immunocytochemistry (thymoma 10% lymphocytes are CD4 & CD8+ ; versus homogenously expressed CD4, CD21, CD34 or CD4/8 in different pattern)
PDA techniques (6)
Simple ligation (double ligature)
Jackson-Henderson technique
3 or 4 wide-biting buttressed mattress sutures
Divided between vascular clamps & oversewn
ACDO (Amplatz canine duct occluder)
Coil embolization
Pericardial effusion causes (9)
Transudate (heart failure, PP diaph hernia, hypoalbuminemia)
Exudate (infectious or non infectious (FIP))
Hemorrhagic (trauma, neoplasia, anticoagulant intoxication, rupture of left atrium, idiopathic)
Pericardial approaches (4)
Right lateral intercostal thoracotomy
Transdiaphragmatic
Sternotomy
Thoracoscopy (intercostal or transdiaphragmatic/subxiphoid)
Pericardectomy techniques (4)
Pericardial window (thoracoscopy)
Subtotal pericardectomy (thoracotomy or scopy)
Percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy
Embolectomy techniques (5)
Direct surgical approach
Embolectomy catheter with balloon
Tissue plasminogen activator
Rheolytic catheter
Endosvasculater stenting
Subcuteanous Vascular Access Port (SC VAP): techniques placement (3)
Peel-off sheathed needle technique
Seldigner technique
Modified Seldinger technique
Age bone mineralisation during gestation (dog? Cat ?)
Dog 42d
Cat 35d
Ovarian neoplasia categories (3)
Epithelial cell tumor (ADK, adenoma, papillary)
Sex cord stromal (granulosa cell tumor)
Germ cell tumor (dysgerminoma, teratoma)
Pyometra medical treatment points (4)
PGF2alpha
Cabergoline (dopamine agonist)
Aglepristone (progesterone rc antagonist)
Antibiotics
Vaginal annular lesion: treatment techniques (4)
Circumferential partial thickness resection (mucosa & submucosa)
T shaped vaginoplasty
Resection & anastomosis
Vaginectomy
Medical sterilization for males (5)
Zinc gluconate
Chlorhexidine digluconate
GNRH
Glycerol
Testosterone
Prostate sampling techniques (3)
Ejaculate sampling
Transurethral prostatic massage
Fine needle aspirate
Prostatic hyperplasia: treatments (5)
Antiandrogen (delmadinone acetate)
LH inhibitors (megestrol)
GNrH agonist (deslorelin acetate)
5alpha reductase (finasteride)
Estrogen
Prostate adenocarcinoma treatment (6)
Tube cystostomy
Stenting
Prazosin
NSAID
Partial or complete prostatectomy + radiation therapy
Transurethral resection
Partial prostatectomy hemorrhage treatment (2)
Temporary occlusion of prostatic vascular supply with an aortic tounriquet placed distal to renal arteries
VSD
Prostate abcess treatments (4)
Marsupialization
Ventral drainage (Penrose or active drains)
Omentalization
Partial prostatectomy
Prostate cysts treatments (4)
Marsupialization
Complete resection
Omentalization
Partial prostatectomy
Phases of contrast renal excretion (3) & radio timing ?
Renal angiographic phase
Renal phase
Excretory phase
RX immediately, 5, 20 & 40 min
Indications pyelography (2)
Concern about giving a systemic dose of contrast
Renal artery is obstructed
Nephroliths: surgery indications (4)
Obstruction
Severe hematuria
Persistent infection
Damaging renal tissue
Idiopathic renal hematuria treatment (3)
Local sclerotherapy (with povidone-iodine & silver nitrate)
Renal arterial embolization
Ureteroscopic electrocauterization
Paraneoplasic syndrome in kidney adenocarcinoma (6)
Polycythemia
Hypertrophic osteopathy
(Hypoglycemia
Hypercalcemia
Leucocytosis
Peripheral neuropathy)
Ureterolithiasis: techniques (4)
Ureterotomy
Ureteral stent
SUB
Neoureterocystotomy
Ureterolithiasis: medical ttt (4)
Fluid
Glucagon
Amitriptylline
Calcium channel blocker (amlodipine)
SUB complications (3)
Kinking
Obstruction/occlusion
Urine leakage
Displacement of catheter
Congenital bladder anomalies (4)
Patent urachus
Vesicourachal diverticula
Bladder hypoplasia
Genitourinary dysplasia in cats
Cystoliths: diagnostic techniques (3)
Pneumocystography
Double contrast cystography
Ultrasonography
Cystoliths: surgery techniques (5)
Catheter-assisted retrieval
Transurethral cystoscopic retrieval
Voiding hydropropulsion
Lithotripsy
Laparoscopic-assisted or percutaneaous cystotomy
Surgical cystotomy
Critical factors for urethral healing (2)
Mucosal continuity
Flow of urine diverted
Urethrostomy techniques (5)
Scrotal
Perineal
Transpelvic
Subpubic
Prepubic
Reinforce urethra (3)
Rectus abdominis
Internal obturator
Omentum
Hypospadias localisation (5)
Anal
Perineal
Scrotal
Penile
Glandular
Urethral trauma options (3)
Temporay urinary diversion & second intention healing
Primary repair
Permanent urinary diversion
Urethral strictures treatment (5)
Urethrostomy
Resection & anastomosis
Balloon dilatation
Stent placement
Urethral replacement (with ileum)
Urethral prolapse treatment (3)
Purse-string suture
Resection & anastomosis (50%)
Urethropexy
Sphincter incontinence factors (6)
Urethral tone
Urethral lenght
Bladder neck position
Body size & breed
Gonadectomy
Hormonal status
Sphincter incontinence: surgery (6)
Colposuspension
Urethropexy & cystourethropexy
Bulking agents (collagen)
Transpelvic urethral sling
Transobturator vaginal tape
Artificla urethral sphincter
Adrenal mass: how to diagnose it (3)
> 1.5cm
Lose kidney bean shape
Asymmetric with controlateral
Adrenal malignity criterias (3)
> 2cm
Invasion of surrounding tissue
Additional mass (thorax or abdomen)
Cortisol secreting adrenal mass: perop medical treatment (4)
Trilostane
ACEI
Dexamethasone
Desoxycorticosterone pivalate
Pheochromocytoma: perop medical treatment (3)
Phenoxybenzamine
Propranolol, atenolol, esmolol
Phentolamine +/- nitropruside
Treatment pulmonary thromboembolism (4)
Unfractioned heparin
O2
Theophylline
Sildenafil
Hyperthyroidy cats clinical findings (3)
Cardiac disease (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ; ECG: tachycardia, tall R wave)
Renal disease
Hypokalemia (loss from vomiting & diarrhea)
Hyperthyroidy diagnosis (4)
Serum total T4
Repeat days to week later
Free T4 & T3 suppression test
Scintigraphy (99mTc pertechnate)
Thryoïdectomy techniques (4)
Intracapsular
Modified intracapsular
Extracapsular
Modified extracapsular
Alternative treatment for hyperthyroidy in cats (3)
Medical (methimazole)
Dietary (iodine-restricted diet)
Radioactive iodine I131: TREATMENT OF CHOICE
Thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidy in cats: complications (7)
Hemorrhage
Dyspnea
Laryngeal paralysis
Horner’s syndrome
Hypothyroidism
HypoPTH
Recurrence
Thyroid mass in dogs: pronostic factors for metastatis (2)
Bilateral
Larger than 100cm3
Thryoid tumor in dogs: alternative to surgery (2)
I131
Radiotherapy
Differential diagnosis hypercalcemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Osteoporosis
Granulomatous
Spurious
Idiopathic
Neoplasia
Young
Addison
Renal failure
D vitamin D
Tumors with hypercalcemia (6)
Lymphoma
Multiple myeloma
AGASAC
Carcinoma (lung, mammary, prostate, kidney)
Thymoma
Melanoma
Complications ear canal surgery (6)
Horner’s syndrome
Facial nerve damage
Hemorrhage
Dehiscence
Infection
Auditory function
Ossicles names (3)
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Otitis media: surgical indications (3)
Fail medical management
Neurologic signs
Stenosis of canal
Localisation bulla in cats & in dogs
Cats: triangular mandibular symphys - caudal border mandible - larynx
Dogs: paracondylar (jugular) process: 5-10mm rostromedial
Recurrence risks for cholesteatoma (3)
Inability to open mouth
Presence of neurologic signs
Lysis of temporal bone
Management options hypercalcemia (6)
Fluid
Furosemide
Corticosteroids
Biphosphonate
Low calcium diet
Calcitonin
Calcium channel blocker
Pathophysiologic consequences of extra hepatic biliary obstruction (6)
Hypotension
Decreased myocardial contractility
Acute renal failure
Coagulopathies / DIC
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage
Delayed wound healing
Interfragmentary strains of :
- granulation tissue
- cartilage
- bone
- granulation tissue : 100%
- cartilage : 15%
- bone : 2%
Different modes of interlocking nail
Static
Dynamic (secure the implant in only one fragment)
Secondary bone healing phases
Inflammation
Intramembranous ossification
Soft callus formation (chondrogenesis)
Hard callus formation (endochondral ossification)
Bone remodeling
Methods for intraoperatively confirming the location of the shunt
Direct visualization
Perop ultrasound
Portovenography
Portal catheterization and pressure
Menace response: may not be present until (which age) ?
10-12 weeks
Muscles during approach of VBO
Platysma
Sphincter colli muscles
Mylohyoid
Digastricus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
(Nerve hypoglossal)
Position for maximum passive hip joint laxity
10-15° extension
10° abduction
0° rotation
Mesh complications
Failure (at tissue mesh interface)
Infection
Sinus formation
Mesh migration
Hernia recurrence
Seroma
Specific postoperative complications of pheochromocytoma
Hypo/hypertension
Arrhythmias
Coagulation disorders
(+pancreatitis, thromboembolism, dyspnea, renal failure, hemoperitoneum)
Prostate neoplasia: surgical options
Stenting
Cystostomy tube
Prostatectomy
Laser ablation
Transurethral resection
(+radiation therapy , bisphosphonates, prazosin)
Negative pronostic factors AGASAC (6)
Tumor size
LN meta
Distant meta
E cadherin expression
No therapy
Renal failure with hypercalcemia
Zones of tissue after laser energy
Vaporization
Carbonization
Coagulation
Hyperthermia
Basic principles of vascular clip applications (4)
Remove as much surrounding tissue as possible
1/3 to 2/3 clip = diameter size of the vessel
Several mm of the cut edge
Artery and vein separately
Complications fenestration
Discospondylitis
Damage to spinal cord or nerve root
Instability
Pneumothorax
Hemorrhage
Material in canal
Guidelines locking plates (4)
> 3x length of fx segment
Screw to hole ratio >0.5
Distance plate bone <2mm
At least 2-3 screw holes empty over the bone defect
Strategies to preserve pin bone interface
Threaded pin
Max 25% bone diameter
Pre drilling
Low drill speed <300rpm
Feed rate
3-4 pins per fragment
Far first, then near pin
Skin incision
Clamp toward patient, 1cm max from skin
Consider augmentation
Proximal fractures femur
Epiphyseal
Physeal
Subcapital
Transcervical
Basilar neck
Intertrochanteric
Subtrochanteric
Predisposing factors contracture quadriceps femoris
Skeletally immature
Exuberant bony callus
Extended coaptation
Muscular trauma
Infection
Endotracheal intubation techniques
Pharyngostomy
Transmylohyoid
Tracheostomy
TPLO without jig problems
Inaccurate Osteotomy angulation
Fibula fracture
Fixation failure
Patellar tendinosis: risks factors
Cranially or distally positioned osteotomy
Postoperative tibial tuberosity fracture
Arthroscopy
CdCrligament techniques
Caudomedial imbrication+sutures+fascia
Desmodesis medial collateral ligament
Tenodesis LDE or popliteal tendon
Conservative
Extra articular manifestations of immune mediated polyarthritis
Immune complex glomerulonephritis
Immune mediated thrombocytopenia
Ideal candidate limb sparing
Less than 50% of radius involved
Not a large soft tissue involvement
No metastasis
No pathological fracture
Pronostics factors MCT
Clinical presentation (darier sign)
Tumor location (mucous -)
Clinical stage
Margins
Histologic grades
Special strains (ki67, AgNOR, ckit, mitotic index)
After cricopharyngeal myotomy, persistance or recurrence clinical signs
Failure to remove all bands
Incorrect initial diagnosis
Concurrent pharyngeal or esophageal dysfunction
Fibrosis and contracture at the myotomy site
Names of the three paranasal sinuses
Frontal
Maxillary
Sphenoidal
Pectus excavation: what is the main complication?
Fatal pulmonary edema (care pulmonary inflation)
When hypercalcemia in primary hyperPTH should be treated
Concurrent renal failure
Ca-P product > 60-70
Definition cholesteatoma
Non neoplasic
Epidermoid cyst
Keratin producing squamous epithelium from the external meat into the tympanic chamber
Screening test before doing any surgery for cervical spondylomyelopathy
Echocardiography
Von willebrand status
Thyroid
Management persistent non chylous effusion
1 month corticosteroid
Pleural port
Pleuroperitineal shunt
Joint fluid analysis : macroscopic elements
Volume
Color
Viscosity
Transparency
