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PS101 > EXAM > Flashcards

EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder

A
  • Obsessions: Persistent, recurring, involuntary thoughts, images, or impulses that invade consciousness
  • Common Themes: Worry about contamination, Doubt as to whether a certain action was performed
  • Compulsion: A persistent, irresistible, irrational urge to perform an act or ritual repeatedly; Usually involve cleanliness, counting, checking, touching objects, hoarding or excessive ordering, rituals are often used to avoud “danger”
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2
Q

What causes Anxiety disorders: Psychodynamic explanations

A

Repressed urges threaten to surface

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3
Q

What causes anxiety disorders: Cognitive behavioural learning explanations

A

– classical conditioning then operant conditioning
– modeling

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4
Q

What causes anxiety disorders: Cognitive explanations

A

Illogical/Irrational thought patterns
– Magnifications
– All or nothing thinking
– Overgeneralization
– Minimization

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5
Q

What causes anxiety disorders: Biological explanations

A

Genetics
– MZ twins are more similar than DZ twins, even when adopted

Neurochemical contributions
– Neurotransmitters (e.g., GABA/Serotonin)

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6
Q

Clinical disorder

A

High enough level, goes on for a long enough period of tie that is impacts a person’s everyday life

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7
Q

Mood (Affective) disorders

A

– Moods or emotions that are extreme and unwarranted
– The extreme depression to extreme elation
– Two Broad categories: Depressive & Bipolar

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8
Q

Depression

A

Not ‘a case of the blues’ or ‘having a bas day’

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9
Q

Clinical depression (And Grief)

A

when frequency, intensity, duration of symptoms is out of proportion to situation
(Grief = different type of depression, depressed because of your grief)

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10
Q

Depression causes and impact on daily living: Emotional symptoms

A

Sadness
Hopelessness
Anxiety
Misery
Inability to enjoy

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11
Q

Depression - causes and impact on daily living: cognitive symptoms

A

Negative cognitions of self, world and future

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12
Q

Depression - causes and impact on daily living: Motivational symptoms

A

Lack of interest
Lack of drive
Difficulty starting anything

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13
Q

Depression - causes and impact on daily living: Somatic symptoms

A

Loss of appetite
Lack of energy
Sleep difficulties
Weight loss/gain

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14
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

– Overwhelming sadness, despair, and hopelessness
– loss of availability to experience pleasure
– in extreme causes depression can:
—– Cause a person to have suicidal intentions
—– Cause delusions or hallucinations (symptoms of psychotic depression)

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15
Q

What causes depression: Biological factors

A

Genetic Factors
– High accordance rate for identical twins
– lower rate for fraternal twins
– genetic predisposition to mood disorder

Neurotransmitters
– Under activity: Norepinephrine & Seretonin

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16
Q

What causes depression: Psychological factors

A

Disposition/Vulnerability
– Perfectionism ( can contribute to)
– Cognitive process

Depressive Cognitive triad: Negative thoughts concerning
– The world
– oneself
– the future
- Cannot suppress negative thoughts
Recall more failures vs. success

Cognitive process: Depressive Attributional Pattern
– Success = failure outside of self
– Negative outcomes = personal factors
– plays role in learned helplessness (Just stop trying because they fail so many times, when they think they just cant escape it)

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17
Q

What causes depression: Learning and environmental factors

A

Loss of reinforcement
Loss of social support
Deeper depression

18
Q

Bipolar

A

Depression
– Extreme lows (major depression)
– Eeyore

Euphoria
– Extreme highs (“mania”, “manic episodes”)
– Temporarily loose touch with reality; optimism is delusional
– Tigger

An individual experiences to radically different moods
– mood swings
– can have relatively normal periods between

No external cause for ups and downs
Duration within a mood varies
Is genetic factor
Neurotransmitter
Genetic presupposition

19
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Once called ‘dementia praecox’
– latin for “out of ones mind before ones time”

Division of mind/brain
– split mind (not split personality)
– seems to be caused by overproduction of dopamine in an area and underproduction in another

20
Q

Schizophrenia: Psychosis

A

Reality is challenged
Live in a different world
Ex. Twilight zone

21
Q

Schizophrenia: Symptoms

A

Delusions (false beliefs)
– Paranoid/ persecution - others hurt them
– Reference - others talking to them
– Influence being controlled by others
– Grandeur – special mission of purpose

Speech disturbance
– make up words
– string by sounds
– (come into house, louse mouse and cheese please sneeze)

Disorders of thought
– sudden interruption
– hard to link thoughts together logically

Hallucinations
– Both auditory and visual
– Auditory more common

Emotional disturbances
– Affect is incongruence and inappropriate
— Ex. laughing at a funeral
— Sometimes flat (no emotion when there should be one)

22
Q

Schizophrenia: Behaviours

A

Bizzarre/ Odd
Unorganized
Catatonic
– Hold positions for a long period of time (never comfortable)
– Non communicative
Can act violently
– Not dangerous
may react with violence if they are afraid
– May look like violence but is safety for them

23
Q

Schizophrenia: Positive and Negative signs

A

Positive - express symptoms
– Have these added to the repertoire not found in typical population
– (Delusions, hallucinations, thought and speed irregularities, in appropriate affect)

Negative - missing things found in typical population
– lack of speech, flat effect, withdrawal

24
Q

Schizophrenia: Etiology

A

Biochemical, anatomical, hereditary, and psychosocial factors
Main biochemical explanation is dopamine hypothesis
– Too much in basal ganglia and too little in frontal cortex

25
Q

Personality disorders

A

– “what’s wrong with you i’m okay”
– Long standing, inflexible, maladaptive (ruins relationships) pattern of behaving and relating to others
– Usually begins in childhood or adolescence
– Tend to have problems in their relationships and at work
– generally clustered into 3 categories

26
Q

Personality disorders: 3 categories

A

Odd/Eccentric
– Ex. Schizotypal
—– Lacks social skills
—– Different wardrobe
—– Poor social relationships
—— Ex. wearing tiger makeup to an interview and get mad when theres prejudice around it

Erratic/Dramatic
–Narcissistic personality disorder
—– Self important, high entitlement, self centred, arrogant, exploitive, craves admiration/attention, lacks empathy
– Antisocial personality disorder
—–Disregard for others, exploit others, lie - NO REMORSE
—– Childhoods: lie, steal, vandalize, innate fights, skip school, run away from home; may be physically cruel to others and to animals
—– Adolescence often drink excessively, use drugs and engage in promiscuous sex
—– Adulthood: can be highly succesful but typically fail to keep a job, are bad parents, do not honor financial (or other) commitments to law

Anxious/Inhibited
– Dependent
—– Overly dependent on others for advice and approval
—– Clingy with friends/ lovers
—– fear abandonment

27
Q

Personality disorders: Dissociative identity

A

Different:
Memories
Behaviours
Ways of displaying emotions
Thoughts

28
Q

Somatoform Disorders

A

Belief you are Ill
Belief you experience physical complaints/disabilites
No known biological cause
Somatic = “bodily” ailment

29
Q

Conversion disorder

A

Suggests neurological problem - none present
Glove anesthesia
– Impossible (not how the nerve structure works)
—– Ex. numbness would be down arm

30
Q

Goals and sources of help

A

Goal of treatment
Help change maladaptive (prevent from living normal_ thoughts, feelings, behaviours

31
Q

Resources for therapy

A

Psychologist
- PhD
- Specialize in 1 area

Psychiatrists
- MD
Prescribe drugs

Psychological associates
- Training to be a psychologist with no PhD

Counsellors
- MA degree 1 or 2 year training

Social workers
- Mental health or psychiatric

Therapists

32
Q

Therapy is a relationship

A
  • process of therapy
  • relationship between client & psychologist & technique
33
Q

Psychodynamic therapies

A

Underlying Assumption:
- tension between unconscious impulses and the current constraints

Freud’s Therapy:
- Psychoanalysis

Explore unconscious motivations and conflicts

34
Q

Freuds Psychoanalysis

A
  • Conflicts between - unconscious/irrational impulses (ID) vs. hard social constraints of SUPER EGO
  • GOAL: create a level of harmony in the system

HOW?
- makes you aware of the ID
- Reduced some compliance with SUPEREGO
- Gives more strength to the EGO

What is “the problem”
- Repression
— how you handle conflicts
— Suppressing at an unconscious level
GOAL: help patients achieve insight (release you from your repression)

Insight
- Conscious awareness of psychodynamics underlying problems

35
Q

Psychodynamic Techniques

A

Free Association and Catharsis
Resistance
Dream Analysis
Transference & Counter transference

36
Q

Psychodynamic Techniques: Free association & Catharsis

A

Free Association
- Not regular conversation
— Uncensored
— Verbal stream of thoughts, feelings, or images that enter awareness
— Assumption
- Free associations are predetermined not random
- Analyst tracks associations
- Identifies apparent underlying source

Catharsis
- patient encouraged to explore intense and string feelings
- feelings that they have repressed for fear of punishment/retaliation
- Release called catharsis

37
Q

Psychodynamic Techniques: Resistance

A
  • Therapist expects client to try and maintain status quo
  • Resistance
    — defensive maneuvers
    — Unwillingness or inability to approach discuss certain topics
    — sign that anxiety-arousing material is being approached
  • analyst tried to break down resistance
  • Enables patient to face painful ideas desires and experiences
38
Q

Psychodynamic Techniques: Dream analysis

A
  • “royal road to the unconscious”
  • Dreams are meaningful
    — Manifest - known, remembered (give them)
    — Latent - hidden, actual motives (they analyze)
  • Therapist helps client understand the symbolic meaning of their dreams
39
Q

Psychodynamic Techniques: Transference and countertransference

A

Transference
- When the client deals with their past and what has brought them to where they are
- Impose that value on their therapist
- problems or thoughts you shouldn’t have
- might see your therapist as father or mother if that’s who you had problems with in the past

Countertransference
- About the analyst
- over time has feelings (good and/or bad) towards
- Have to treat themselves and be aware
- Can be a role model for achieving insight
Careful about boundaries/ethics

Transference and the analyst
- Difficult task for analyst
— handle emotional experience
– delicate balance - power differential and vulnerability
- Have to help patient to interpret feelings and the source from earlier experiences ( from childhood)

40
Q

Psychodynamic therapies

A
  • how does a psychologist help clients
  • interpretation
    — Statements by therapist
    —– provide client with insight into behaviour
    — Time consuming as a client must arrive at ‘insight’
  • brief psychodynamic therapies
  • Example: Interpersonal therapy (rational therapy)
    — Focuses most exclusively on clients current relationships with important people in their lives
    — sees social relationships, acceptance and respect is critical
41
Q

Humanistic therapies: in general

A

Theory behind therapy
- “whole” person in a continual process of change
- despite limitations of genes and environment person has “freedom to choose”
- conscious control of behaviour
- With choice comes responsibility/accountability

42
Q
A

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