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exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is a GIS

A

a computer based mapping, analysis, visualisation and retrieval tool for locatioon-based data

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2
Q

What is a disctrete object view

A

(Vector). made up of a series of objects each having a fixed location (point) or a fixed starting and stopping point (line)or some sort of fixed boundary (polygon)

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3
Q

What is a continuous field view

A

raster. urface made up of infinite set of points- not everything has a fixed boundary or is an object

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4
Q

What are examples of software for vector and raster

A

vector=arc gis
raster=catalyst

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5
Q

what are the three discrete view options

A

Points,lines,polygons

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6
Q

what is a digitising technique

A

tracking, sketching over top of areas on a map

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7
Q

what is topology

A

objects connected to one another independent of their coordinates

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8
Q

What are the four forms of attribute data and describe them

A

Nominal data- unique identifiers( eg home adress, phone#, language)
Ordinal- ranking system (education level)
Interval data- differences between numbers is significant but there is no fixed zero point (temp)
Ratio data- Includes values along with fixed and non-arbitary zero point(household income)

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9
Q

what is spatial analysis

A

Spatial analysis refers to studying entities by examining, assessing, evaluating, and modeling spatial data features such as locations, attributes, and relationships that reveal data’s geometric or geographic properties.

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10
Q

What are the three issues of spatial analysis

A

patterns and process, simple and complex and accuracy/reliability

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11
Q

what are the issues of pattern and processes in GIS

A
  • Gis often only supports the storage of things as patterns
    • These are often presented/modelled as “processes” but the cartographic representation usually relies on a series of simple snapshots taken at different points in time
      Example is urban expansion, forest fire spread, coastal erosion
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12
Q

what are the issues of simple/complex in GIS

A

Simple analysis- refers to activites involving interpretation or comparisons. E.g. comparing two datasets, combining forest type data set with soils characteristic data set. Or using a buffer operation to identify a potential bus route.
Complex analysis- refers to geostatistical analysis and processing modelling. E.g monte carlo simulations to predict stochastic distributions of soil pH values, fuzzy set theories for assessing vegetation boundaries.

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13
Q

what are the issues of accuracy/reliability in GIS

A

Accuracy- the degree of correspondence between the data and the actual thing or event
Reliability- indicates how consistent the data is for certain types of applications.
Data could be highly accurate nut because of the time between its collection and its analysis, it may no longer be reliable
Reliable data may have low accuracy (very current satellite data may be useful for mapping forested areas but not useful for separating tree species)

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14
Q

what is a data query

A

finding areas or locations that meet a particular criteria. e.g find all apartment buildings >100k annual income
attribute table is used to identify such objects

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15
Q

what is the buffer tool

A
  • A polygon of spatial proximity built around a feature
    • Can be created from points, lines or polygons
    • E.g., 500m buffer around methadone clinics to examine crime activity
      E.g., 40m vegetative cover on slopes along a river
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16
Q

what is the dissolver tool

A
  • Boundaries between adjacent polygons that have the same property are removed (merged into a larger polygon)
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17
Q

what is a spatial query

A

involves selecting records or objects from one layer based on their spatial relationships with another

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18
Q

what is the summarise operation tool

A

allows for statistical (sum, mean, side) of objects that fall within the boundaries of polygon object

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19
Q

what is the data enrichment operations tool

A

calculates demographic information of nearby areas, creates new boundaries, could use pop density or % of residents that have degree and creates a new layer from an older layer

20
Q

what are overlay operations

A

superimposes multiple data sets (representing different themes) together for the purpose of identifying relationships between them

21
Q

what are the 4 widely used overlay operations

A

Intersect- only retain areas that overlap both.
Identity- retain all feature of an input layer and all features of a second layer that interact
symmetrical difference- retain all areas of two layers that do not intersect
Union- all features from 2 layers combined together into a new layer.

22
Q

suitability analysis

A

a system whereby locations are ranked according to how well they fit a set of criteria

23
Q

what is cartography

A

the art and science of map making

24
Q

what is geographic scale

A

real world size or extent of an area

25
Q

what is map scale

A

is a metric used to determine the relationship between measurements made on a map and their real world equivalents

26
Q

what are the three main scales

A

ratio, verbal and visual

27
Q

what’s the difference between a small scale and large scale map

A

a small scale shows more area than a large scale

28
Q

what is a colours value

A

value is the different degrees of darkness or lightness of a specific colour. High values are light and low is dark

29
Q

what is a colours hue

A

what normally refered to as a colour, which is the distinction between blue, brown, yellow, red. Can have cultural significance

30
Q

what is a colours saturation

A

the purity or intensity of the hue. The “colourfulness” of the hue extent to which a colour deviates from a Gray of the same value

31
Q

what are the 9 considerations when choosing colours

A

As a clarifying and simplifying element.
Attraction and attention
Colour preference.
Colour association and connotations.
Audience.
viewing the map (printed on paper or projected)
nature of the data-qualitative data.
Nature of the data-quantitative data.
Colour interactions
Black and white

32
Q

what is clarity

A

emphasising the important points and avoiding anything else that may distract from them

33
Q

What is order in a map

A

it is the logic of a map. The path of the readers eye

34
Q

Balance

A

Every element on the map has visual weight and are distributed above the optical centre.

35
Q

where is the optical centre

A

slightly above the true centre

36
Q

what is contrast

A

The difference between light and dark, thick and thin heavy and light

37
Q

what is unity and harmony

A

interrelationships between map elements

38
Q

what is a neat line and a frame

A

is a line that frames and seperates the map from other information. a Frame is a border around the entire map

39
Q

What are the three aspects to lettering on maps

A

text wording, label placement, type selection

40
Q

how should the writing be wrote on water features, rivers, large water bodies and linear features

A

water features- italics
rivers, name in set blocks(not spread out letters italics in direction of flow and at intervals
large water bodies- lakes and seas should have name totally within feature
Linear features (roads) same as river no italics

41
Q

different between regional names and names of mountains

A

normally spread out to cover the extent of the area and are curved in the shape
Name of mountains- like names of regions may need repeat at intervals

42
Q

what is remote sensing

A

normally spread out to cover the extent of the area and are curved in the shape
Name of mountains- like names of regions may need repeat at interva

43
Q

what is a passive sensor

A

measure energy that is naturally available

44
Q

Active sensor

A

provide their own source of energy to bath the target from above

45
Q
A

GIS (1 decks)

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