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BIO1130 > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific method (def)

A

approach to knowledge acquisition that seeks to ensure our understanding is based on evidence

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1
Q

Descriptive science

A

Recognizing patterns in your suuroundings

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2
Q

Hypothesis-testing science

A

Concerned with testing one or more casual explanations for an existing pattern

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3
Q

Induction

A

Use patterns to produce a general statement or conclusion

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4
Q

Hypothesis

A

Casual explanation of a given pattern (can’t be proven only refuted)

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5
Q

Prediction

A

Statement of what will be observed under specific conditions

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6
Q

Deduction

A

Using a set of general statements to come to a logical conclusion (source of predictions)

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7
Q

Observational studies

A

Not interfering but recording observations/ measurements/ characterizations

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8
Q

Manipulative studies

A

Researcher changes a variable and compares it to a control treatment, or one or more other treatments with different manipulations of same variable.

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9
Q

Inferential strength

A

Measure of how strongly results support conclusions

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10
Q

Confounding variables

A

Separate often unknown variable that may be responsible for observed pattern

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11
Q

Control

A

Experimental procedure or treatment designed to minimize effects of confounding variable

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12
Q

Extrapolation

A

Drawing conclusion from studies on a model system that assumes that the model system =actual system, more extrapolation=lower inferential strength

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13
Q

Statistical hypothesis testing

A

Determining if the pattern in the results is real

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14
Q

4 criteria for knowledge acquisition

A
  1. Rational
  2. Skeptical
  3. Objective
  4. Methodologically materialistic
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15
Q

Pseudo-science

A

Studies that seek only to confirm beliefs

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16
Q

Scientific theory

A

Hypothesis that has been vigorously tested

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17
Q

Aristotle

A

A linear sequence of life in increasing complexity

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18
Q

John Wray

A

First classification of plants

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19
Q

Carl Linnaeus

A

Taxonic system where all organisms are arranged hierarchical groupings

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20
Q

James Hutton

A

Used alignment of rock strata, erosion and sedimentation to conclude the earth was old

21
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Used uniformitarianism to explain existing geological features

22
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Theory that geological features were created y slow gradual processes

23
Q

Catastrophism

A

The earth’s features were made quickly through big sudden events

24
George Cuvier
Discovered extinction with help of fossils
25
Mary Anning
Sold fossils and helped make huge discoveries about them
26
George Louis Leclerc
Theorized life was composed of organic particles and their mold can change in new habitats
27
Erasmus Darwin
All life transformed and diversified over millions of years
28
Robert Chambers
Species slowly and gradually changed, but his mechanism, was confusing and inadequate
29
Jean Baptiste Lamark
Suggested inheritance of acquired characters (use and disuse)
30
Observations of Charles Darwin on Galapagos islands
1. Fauna on each island was similar but distinct 2. Different turtle shells 3. Different beaks on ground finches for different foods 4. Sea lions similar to those in California
31
Alfred Russell Wallace
Cam to same conclusions as Darwin about natural selection
32
Darwin's two main insights
1. Descent with modification (all species have descended with modification from one or a few common ancestors) 2. Natural selection (Differential reproductive success of individuals due to difference in phenotypes)
33
Proof of descent with modification
1. Homology 2. Vestigial structures 3. Fossils 4. Biogeography (species tend to be similar to others nearby)
34
Homology
Similarity in structure with difference in function due to inheritance from a common ancestor
35
Vestigial structure
Remnants of structures that served a function in an ancestor
36
Ingredients for natural selection
1. Excess fertility 2. Individuals vary 3. Variation is heritable
37
Necessities for natural selection to create evolutionary change
1. Individuals vary in a trait 2. Non random association between trait and an individuals reproductive success 3. Trait is heritable 1,2 are necessary for natural selcetion 1,2,3 are necessary for natural selection causing evolutionary change
38
39
Fitness
Measure of capability of an individual to contribute to the next generation
40
Darwin's evidence for natural selection
1. Deductive reasoning 2. Organisms are so well suited to survive and reproduce in their environments 3. Analogy with artificial selection
41
Objections to natural selection
1. No new species from artificial selection 2. Precursors of complex organs are unlikely to be advantageous 3. World isn't old 4. Natural selection will cause decrease in variability ending evolution
42
Henry Walter Bates
Discovered Batesian mimicry
43
Examples of natural selection
1. Batesian mimicry 2. Experimental evolution (William Dallinger) 3. Mullerian mimicry
44
Batesian mimicry
Palatable species begin looking like a poisonous species to defer predators
45
William Dallinger's Experiment
Took protozoan's that survive at 16 degrees Celsius and increased the temperature of their enclosure killing most of them but letting some live and over 7 years the population could survive temperatures of 66 degrees Celsius
46
Experimental evolution
Technique in which biotic or abiotic conditions are manipulated in replicate populations under controlled conditions and the evolutionary outcome is studied
47
Mullerian mimicry
Two poisonous species begin resembling each other to spread the burden of educating predators
48
Corrections of misconceptions about evolution
1. Natural selection is not goal driven nor progressive 2. Natural selection does not act for the good of the species 3. Natural selection doe snot result in perfection
49
Creationism
Belief nature and universe originated from, supernatural acts, not scientific

BIO1130 (1 decks)

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