Exam Flashcards

Question

What is biophilia hypothesis

Answer 1

This hypothesis suggests that humans have an innate connection with nature, and exposure to natural environments can reduce stress and promote well-being.

Answer 2

The process of recovering physical and psychological resources or capabilities diminished in ongoing efforts to meet everyday demands. A restorative environment is an environment that supports restoration from stress and mental fatigue.

Answer 3

Suggests that exposure to nature or natural environments can restore and enhance cognitive functioning and attentional capacities. According to ART, spending time in nature provides a respite from the mental fatigue and demands associated with modern urban environments, which often require sustained attention and directed focus. - **Directed Attention**: involves focusing on specific tasks and requires effort. It can lead to mental fatigue and decreased performance over time. - **Involuntary Attention**: involves effortless engagement with stimuli in the environment, often associated with nature. It is thought to be restorative and less fatiguing.

Answer 4

Non-harmful and survival promoting natural elements evoke an initial positive affective response (e.g. preference, positive emotions, less anxiety). Blocks negative thoughts and mood and helps reduce physiological activation and henceforth stress.

Answer 5

Natural environments are processed more fluently than urban settings → difference in restorative potential. Fractal/ self similar patterns are everywhere in nature → easier to process the visual brain more. The concept of perceptual fluency connects our positive emotional reactions to natural stimuli with the ease of processing these stimuli. It proposes that the restoration of attention and reduction of stress are outcomes resulting from the smooth processing associated with this fluency.

Answer 6

Provides a conditioning-based framework for exploring the restorative impacts of nature. Many components of CRT align with established domains in psychology, including evaluative conditioning, placebo research, core affect, and classical conditioning. In contemporary society, nature is commonly utilized as a recreational setting. The soothing experiences associated with nature become conditioned with the natural environment itself, leading to a similar sense of relaxation when exposed to nature or objects representing it.

Answer 7

1. **Psychological mechanism**: mood improvement, stress relief, etc. 2. **Lifestyle factors**: physical activity in green spaces is linked to reduced tension and depression 3. **Enhanced immune functioning**: is attributed to the presence of stress and plants in green spaces that release beneficial bacteria and fluids 4. **Reduced environmental nuisance**: less heat and noise stress

Answer 8

A comparative analysis of the costs and consequences of alternative programs or interventions **Economic evaluations are typically concerned with two quantities: the additional cost of a new treatment compared with the existing alternative and the additional health benefits**

Answer 9

- **Includes disease-specific outcomes** - To compare the costs of different interventions in relation to their health outcomes. Expressing the consequences of an outcome. - The outcome is often a natural health unit: life years gained, cases cured, etc.

Answer 10

- Similar to CEA but uses **QALYs or DALYs** to measure health outcomes - Calculates the costs per QALY gained, allowing for comparisons across different health conditions and interventions

Answer 11

- To evaluate interventions in monetary terms, comparing total costs with total benefits, including non-health outcomes - Calculates the net benefit or benefit-cost ratio

Answer 12

- The prefered perspective is the **societal perspective**, which encompasses all costs and consequences for everyone affected - Other perspectives that are used more often: 1. **Health care perspective** 2. **Employer perspective** 3. **Patient perspective**

Answer 13

1. **Identification of the perspective** 2. **Identification of the alternatives** 3. **Identification, measurement, and evaluation of effects** 4. **Identification, measurement, and evaluation of costs** 5. **Statistical analysis**

Answer 14

- **Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)**: calculation of the ICER, by dividing the difference in costs by the difference in effects - **Cost-utility analysis (CUA)**: calculation of the ICUR - **Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)**: calculation of net benefits (NB), which should be above 0; calculation of benefit-cost ratio (BCR), desirable above 1; calculation of return on investment (ROI), aiming above 0.

Answer 15

- **To improve quality and safety of health care** - **To improve effectiveness of health care** - **The use of a new innovation or intervention into routine practice**

Answer 16

1. **Social-political level**: - barriers: policies, regulations or political climates that hinder the implementation - facilitators: supportive government policies, political will, or advocacy efforts that create an enabling environment for implementation 2. **Organizational level**: - barriers: structural or cultural factors - facilitators: supportive organizational culture, effective leadership 3. **User level**: - barriers: challenges related to the end-users, resistance to change or lack of awareness - facilitators: user engagement, training programs, clear communication and involving end-users in the development 4. **Innovation level**: - barriers: characteristics of the innovation itself may pose challenges - facilitators: innovation that is user-friendly, aligns with existing practices, has clear advantages and is perceived as valuable can facilitate its adoption

Answer 17

1. Subjects do not read the patients information form 2. Subjects do not always understand the information 3. Patients understand, but do not oversee the consequences

Answer 18

- **Withholding active treatment** - **The possibility of harm to participants** - **Challenges in obtaining informed consent** - **Issues of equity and justice** - **Availability of a standard, effective treatment**

Answer 19

1. It concerns medical scientific research and 2. Participants are subject to procedures or are required to follow rules of behavior

Answer 20

Based on two 'pillars': acceptability and informed consent 1. **Social or scientific value**: research should contribute to either societal benefit or scientific knowledge 2. **Scientific validity**: rigorous methodology and well-defined research plan to ensure that the study's objectives are met 3. **Fair subject selection**: without discrimination or bias to ensure equity and justice in research participation 4. **Favorable risk-benefit ratio**: the potential benefits of the research should outweigh the risks for participants 5. **Independent review**: such as METC is crucial 6. **Informed consent** 7. **Respect for potential and enrolled participants**

Answer 21

When both groups differ in their mean values and the intervention does not have an effect the group with the highest average value will go down, while the group with the lowest average value will go up

Answer 22

- **Expected effect (clinical relevant effect)** - **Standard deviation of the outcome variable** - **Power and significance**

Answer 23

- Power calculations are crucial for determining the sample size needed to detect a statistically significant effect if it exists - Power is the probability that a study will correctly reject a false null hypothesis if it is present - Performing power calculations helps researchers design studies with an adequate sample size, ensuring that the study has a high likelihood of detecting an effect if it exists