Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Health Promotion And Disease Prevention > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between health promotion and disease prevention?

A
  • Health promotion: maintain people’s current health status and ideally a shift towards better health
  • Disease prevention: to prevent people from getting a disease and prevent a shift towards the seriousness of a disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

True or false: tackling upstream determinants is a form of primary prevention

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

At what environmental level lie community-based interventions?

A

Meso

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Explain the structuring in environmental determinants

A
  • Physical: air pollution, designing cities for walkability and ensuring access to clean water
  • Socio-cultural: social relationship/ behaviors within a society, considering community dynamics to effectively promote health
  • Economic: employment, access to education, address low SEP, create equal opportunities
  • Political: policies, regulations, the promotion of vaccination programs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain prevention concerning hearing impairment

A
  1. Primary prevention: prenatal care, protection, reduction of noise
  2. Secondary prevention: neonatal screening, screening at primary school, self-screening of adults
  3. Tertiary prevention: ENT consultation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the Behavior Change Wheel?

A

Helps identifying key factors influencing behaviors related to hearing protection and guides the development of effective strategies to promote healthy hearing practices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the COM-B model?

A

Aimed at changing behavior and is used among people with hearing impairment to improve the use of hearing aid.
Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are fundamental aspects of quality of life?

A
  • Subjective (reflects an individual’s perception of how an illness an its treatment affect health
  • Multidimensional
  • Patient reported outcome/ reported by the individual
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is important when measuring quality of life?

A

To define QoL by operationalizing and clearly determining your instrument(s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A good questionnaire to measure quality of life consists of good:

A
  • Validity: the variables being measured align with the intended aspects of quality of life
  • Reliability: consistency in results of the measurement
  • Responsiveness: ability to detect changes when a patient improves or deteriorates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What types of questionnaires to measure quality of life are there?

A
  • Generic: assesses overall quality of life of individuals irrespective of their specific health status or medical condition
  • Disease-specific: assesses quality of life in individuals with a specific medical condition or disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the difference between QoL and HRQoL?

A

Quality of life encompasses a broader range of factors beyond health, while health-related quality of life concentrates on the health-related aspects of well-being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are reasons for evaluation?

A
  • To determine the effect(s) of a program
  • Accountability
  • Development
  • Ethical aspects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are reasons to not evaluate?

A
  • Money
  • Threat
  • Time constraints
  • Already proven effective
  • Intervention is still developing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an effect evaluation?

A

Assesses the impact or outcomes of an intervention. Whether the intended effects have been achieved and to what extend

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a process evaluation?

A

Focuses on understanding how an intervention is implemented. Provides insights into the implementation process and helps identify factors that may influence the outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a costs/ economic evaluation?

A

Assesses the financial costs associated with an intervention and compares them to the outcomes achieved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the RE-AIM framework stand for?

A
  • Reach: explores characteristics of study participants
  • Effectiveness: refers to the positive and negative outcomes of the intervention at the individual level
  • Adoption: explores the facilitators and barriers for adoption
  • Implementation: refers to the extent to which the intervention was delivered as intended
  • Maintenance: refers to the long-term sustainability of the intervention and its effects over time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is GRADE?

A

Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations
It provides a transparent and structured method for assessing the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations, enhancing the rigor and reliability of healthcare guidelines and recommendations.

20
Q

Why do researchers need a sample size calculation?

A

A sample size calculation is about figuring out how many participants or observations you need to make sure your study is meaningful, trustworthy, and has the best chance of finding real effects.

21
Q

What are the steps of a sample size calculation?

A
  1. Effect size: the ‘size’ of the difference or effect you expect to find in your study
  2. Significance level (a): setting the bar for how sure you want to be that your results are real and not just by chance
  3. Power (1 - B): the ability of your study to catch a real effect if it’s there
  4. Variability (Standard Deviation): how much your data points are likely to spread out from the average
  5. Type of test: choosing the right tool for your study
  6. Desired precision: how much “wiggle room” you’re willing to tolerate in your results
  7. Expected dropout or loss to follow-up: accounting for the fact that not everyone might finish your study
  8. Practical considerations: thinking about what’s doable in the real world
22
Q

Situation A: you perform a sample size calculation and it seems that you need 80 patients in each group. However, you can only include a maximum of 60 patients. What do you do?

A

You do the study and you may end up with a non-significant result. In reality, you almost never have enough power. The study can still be relevant and give important information. A meta-analysis would increase this power.

23
Q

Situation B: you perform a sample size calculation and it seems that you need 80 patients in each group. However, you can easily include 200 patients for each group. What do you do?

A

You go for a study that is as big as possible, because the standardized mean will be smaller.

24
Q

Is it best to calculate the relative risk or the analysis of covariance in an RCT and why?

A

Relative change, often calculated as a percentage change or ratio of post-treatment to baseline measurements, can be influenced by regression to the mean and might not be the most appropriate measure for assessing treatment effects in certain situations, especially when extreme baseline values are present. Using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) is recommended as an alternative approach, since it adjusts for baseline differences, offers a more rigorous and controlled analysis, contributing to a more accurate assessment of true treatment effects in RCTs.

25
Q

What is biophilia hypothesis

A

This hypothesis suggests that humans have an innate connection with nature, and exposure to natural environments can reduce stress and promote well-being.

26
Q

What is restoration?

A

The process of recovering physical and psychological resources or capabilities diminished in ongoing efforts to meet everyday demands. A restorative environment is an environment that supports restoration from stress and mental fatigue.

27
Q

What is the Attention Restoration Theory?

A

Suggests that exposure to nature or natural environments can restore and enhance cognitive functioning and attentional capacities. According to ART, spending time in nature provides a respite from the mental fatigue and demands associated with modern urban environments, which often require sustained attention and directed focus.

  • Directed Attention: involves focusing on specific tasks and requires effort. It can lead to mental fatigue and decreased performance over time.
  • Involuntary Attention: involves effortless engagement with stimuli in the environment, often associated with nature. It is thought to be restorative and less fatiguing.
28
Q

What is the Stress Reduction Theory?

A

Non-harmful and survival promoting natural elements evoke an initial positive affective response (e.g. preference, positive emotions, less anxiety). Blocks negative thoughts and mood and helps reduce physiological activation and henceforth stress.

29
Q

What is the Perceptual fluency account?

A

Natural environments are processed more fluently than urban settings → difference in restorative potential. Fractal/ self similar patterns are everywhere in nature → easier to process the visual brain more. The concept of perceptual fluency connects our positive emotional reactions to natural stimuli with the ease of processing these stimuli. It proposes that the restoration of attention and reduction of stress are outcomes resulting from the smooth processing associated with this fluency.

30
Q

What is the Conditioned Restorative Theory?

A

Provides a conditioning-based framework for exploring the restorative impacts of nature. Many components of CRT align with established domains in psychology, including evaluative conditioning, placebo research, core affect, and classical conditioning. In contemporary society, nature is commonly utilized as a recreational setting. The soothing experiences associated with nature become conditioned with the natural environment itself, leading to a similar sense of relaxation when exposed to nature or objects representing it.

31
Q

What are the four main mechanisms for explaining the good health effects of green space?

A
  1. Psychological mechanism: mood improvement, stress relief, etc.
  2. Lifestyle factors: physical activity in green spaces is linked to reduced tension and depression
  3. Enhanced immune functioning: is attributed to the presence of stress and plants in green spaces that release beneficial bacteria and fluids
  4. Reduced environmental nuisance: less heat and noise stress
32
Q

What is an economic evaluation?

A

A comparative analysis of the costs and consequences of alternative programs or interventions
Economic evaluations are typically concerned with two quantities: the additional cost of a new treatment compared with the existing alternative and the additional health benefits

33
Q

What is a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)

A
  • Includes disease-specific outcomes
  • To compare the costs of different interventions in relation to their health outcomes. Expressing the consequences of an outcome.
  • The outcome is often a natural health unit: life years gained, cases cured, etc.
34
Q

What is a cost-utility analysis (CUA)?

A
  • Similar to CEA but uses QALYs or DALYs to measure health outcomes
  • Calculates the costs per QALY gained, allowing for comparisons across different health conditions and interventions
35
Q

What is a cost-benefit analysis (CBA)?

A
  • To evaluate interventions in monetary terms, comparing total costs with total benefits, including non-health outcomes
  • Calculates the net benefit or benefit-cost ratio
36
Q

The first step of economic evaluation includes identification of the perspective. What is the prefered perspective? What other perspectives are there?

A
  • The prefered perspective is the societal perspective, which encompasses all costs and consequences for everyone affected
  • Other perspectives that are used more often:
    1. Health care perspective
    2. Employer perspective
    3. Patient perspective
37
Q

What are the steps of economic evaluation?

A
  1. Identification of the perspective
  2. Identification of the alternatives
  3. Identification, measurement, and evaluation of effects
  4. Identification, measurement, and evaluation of costs
  5. Statistical analysis
38
Q

Explain for each economic evaluation how the statistical analysis step is being conducted

A
  • Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA): calculation of the ICER, by dividing the difference in costs by the difference in effects
  • Cost-utility analysis (CUA): calculation of the ICUR
  • Cost-benefit analysis (CBA): calculation of net benefits (NB), which should be above 0; calculation of benefit-cost ratio (BCR), desirable above 1; calculation of return on investment (ROI), aiming above 0.
39
Q

Why is implementation important?

A
  • To improve quality and safety of health care
  • To improve effectiveness of health care
  • The use of a new innovation or intervention into routine practice
40
Q

What four levels of barriers and facilitators are there in implementation?

A
  1. Social-political level:
    - barriers: policies, regulations or political climates that hinder the implementation
    - facilitators: supportive government policies, political will, or advocacy efforts that create an enabling environment for implementation
  2. Organizational level:
    - barriers: structural or cultural factors
    - facilitators: supportive organizational culture, effective leadership
  3. User level:
    - barriers: challenges related to the end-users, resistance to change or lack of awareness
    - facilitators: user engagement, training programs, clear communication and involving end-users in the development
  4. Innovation level:
    - barriers: characteristics of the innovation itself may pose challenges
    - facilitators: innovation that is user-friendly, aligns with existing practices, has clear advantages and is perceived as valuable can facilitate its adoption
41
Q

What are problems that may arise with informed consent?

A
  1. Subjects do not read the patients information form
  2. Subjects do not always understand the information
  3. Patients understand, but do not oversee the consequences
42
Q

Placebo trials could be seen as unethical, why is this?

A
  • Withholding active treatment
  • The possibility of harm to participants
  • Challenges in obtaining informed consent
  • Issues of equity and justice
  • Availability of a standard, effective treatment
43
Q

What is the “WMO”: Wet Mensgebonden Onderzoek?

A
  1. It concerns medical scientific research and
  2. Participants are subject to procedures or are required to follow rules of behavior
44
Q

What are the ethical considerations?

A

Based on two ‘pillars’: acceptability and informed consent
1. Social or scientific value: research should contribute to either societal benefit or scientific knowledge
2. Scientific validity: rigorous methodology and well-defined research plan to ensure that the study’s objectives are met
3. Fair subject selection: without discrimination or bias to ensure equity and justice in research participation
4. Favorable risk-benefit ratio: the potential benefits of the research should outweigh the risks for participants
5. Independent review: such as METC is crucial
6. Informed consent
7. Respect for potential and enrolled participants

45
Q

What is regression to the mean?

A

When both groups differ in their mean values and the intervention does not have an effect the group with the highest average value will go down, while the group with the lowest average value will go up

46
Q

What are the core elements of power calculation?

A
  • Expected effect (clinical relevant effect)
  • Standard deviation of the outcome variable
  • Power and significance
47
Q

Why power calculations in RCT?

A
  • Power calculations are crucial for determining the sample size needed to detect a statistically significant effect if it exists
  • Power is the probability that a study will correctly reject a false null hypothesis if it is present
  • Performing power calculations helps researchers design studies with an adequate sample size, ensuring that the study has a high likelihood of detecting an effect if it exists

Health Promotion And Disease Prevention (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions