Exam Flashcards
most predominant theoretical orientation
Cognitive
reliability
consistency of measurement.
two components of reliability
Sensitivity - agreement regarding the presence of a particular diagnosis
Specificity - agreement concerning the absence of a particular diagnosis
Inter-rater reliability
refers to the degree to which two independent observers or judges agree.
Test-retest reliability
measures the extent to which people being observed twice or taking the same test twice score in generally the same way.
Construct validity
Is the test measuring what it claims to test?
Criterion Validity
How predictive is the test? If you took the Beck Depressive Inventory, but a psychiatrist says that you do not appear to have symptoms of depression, then the Beck Depressive Inventory does not have Criterion Validity
Unstructured Clinical Interviews
rely on the intuition and general experience of the interviewer. Low reliability
Structured Interviews
An interview where the questions are set out in a prescribed fashion for the interviewer.
Used when mental health professionals need to collect standardized information, particularly for making diagnostic judgments based on the DSM.
Structured Clinical Interview Diagnosis (SCID)
Uses branching: the client’s response to one question determines the next question that is asked.
Psychological Tests
Psychological tests are standardized procedures designed to measure a person’s performance on a particular task or to assess his or her personality, or thoughts, feelings, and behaviour.
Personality Inventories
The person is asked to complete a self-report questionnaire indicating whether statements assessing habitual tendencies apply to him or her. (EX Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, MMPI).
Projective Personality Tests
a psychological assessment device in which a set of standard stimuli, ambiguous enough to allow variation in responses, is presented to the individual (Rorschach Inkblot Test)
Intelligence Tests
Alfred Binet, originally constructed mental tests to help the school board predict which children required special schooling.
Computerized axial tomography (CT scan)
A moving beam of X-rays passes into a horizontal cross-section of the client’s brain, scanning it through 360 degrees; the moving X-ray detector on the other side measures the amount of radioactivity that penetrates, thus detecting subtle differences in tissue density
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
providing a picture of the brain at work rather than of its structure alone.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
MRI is superior to the CT scan because it produces pictures of higher quality and does not rely on even the small amount of radiation required by a CT scan.
Positron emission tomography (PET scan)
a picture of the functioning brain. The images are in colour; fuzzy spots of lighter and warmer colours are areas in which metabolic rates for the substance are higher.
Psychophysiological Assessment
Psychophysiology is concerned with the bodily changes that accompany psychological events or that are associated with a person’s psychological characteristics.
Emil Kraepelin
1800, made one of the first definitions in mental health
Newer editions of DSM
More extensive descriptions
More precise diagnostic criteria
Increased use of standardized diagnostic interviews has improved reliability by providing the same detailed information
Why did the DSM remove the Culture-bound syndromes?
stereotyping, and isolating, it may be the same disorder but it just is being shown differently
Criticisms of Classification
Loss of information about the person
stigmatizing
Dimensional Assessment
Whereas a categorical approach to diagnosis classifies a diagnosis as either present or absent, a dimensional approach to diagnosis entails using measures to evaluate the extent to which symptoms exist
Financial Conflicts of Interest
Accusations of relationships with pharmaceutical companies have led to questions about the potential influence of industry interests on the development of diagnostic criteria.
Diagnostic Codes for Reimbursement:
the DSM provides a standardized set of diagnostic criteria and codes that can be used for insurance reimbursement purposes.
Access to Mental Health Services:
Insurance companies may use DSM criteria to determine eligibility for mental health services and coverage
Dr. Allen Frances argues about the DMS (3 points)
that DSM-5 changes will dramatically increase the number of people diagnosed with disorders termed diagnostic inflation.
the pharmaceutical industry will benefit most by developing new drugs for new disorders
for a return to a more cautious approach to diagnostic classification.
Alternate form reliability
the extent to which the scores on two different forms of tests are consistent,
internal consistency reliability
if the items in a test are related to one another
projective hypothesis
The notion is that highly unstructured stimuli, as in the Rorschach ink- blot test, are necessary to bypass defences to reveal unconscious motives and conflicts.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
A series of black-and-white pictures one by one and asked to tell a story related to each
electrodermal responding
Anxiety, fear, anger, and other emotions increase activity in the sympathetic nervous system, which then boosts sweat-gland activity.
CT and MRI VS PET and fMRI
structure v function
categorical classification
Yes-No approach
dimensional classification
the entities or objects being classified must be ranked on a quantitative dimension (e.g., a l -to-10 scale of anxiety, where 1 represents minimal and 10 extreme).
Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI).
(1) cultural definition of the problem
(2) cultural perceptions of cause, context, and support
(3) cultural factors affecting self- coping and past help-seeking; (4) cultural factors affecting current help-seeking
DSM-5 V codes
conditions or significant factors that are not disorders per se but can have a strong influence on treatment. (ex homelessness or divorce
“other specified” and “unspecified” in the DSM
if a client presents with eating disorder symptoms causing significant distress and/or impairment, but full criteria are not met for any of the eating disorders, the clinician can diagnose “other specified feeding or eating disorder”
