Exam Flashcards
Silent mutation
No effect
Missense mutation
Results in a dif amino acid
Nonsense mutation
Results end a stop codon causing shorter strand
4 characteristics of the genetic code
Redundant
Unambiguous
Nearly universal
Conservative
Redundant
All but 2 amino acids are coded for by more than one codon
Unambiguous
One codon codes one amino acid
Nearly universal
“Mostly” the same codons code the same amino acids in all organisms
Conservative
When multiple codons code for the same amino acid, the first two bases are usually the same
A eukaryotic gene has all the following except: intons, terminator, operator, promoter
Eukaryotic genes do not have an operator
How can one eukaryotic gene lead to one transcript but Multiple proteins
Alternative splicing
(T/F) the lac operon in E.coli utilizes both positive and negative control
True
The flounder effect
A large population gets separated and a new smaller population of the same species with different allele frequencies
Order of fossil record starting with the oldest
- dinosaur
- trilobites
-human
- prokaryote
prokaryote
trilobites
dinosaur
Human
Enzyme that creates mRNA from DNA
RNA polymerase
Stages of bacterial transcription
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
Proteins required for prokaryotic transcription
Sigma
RNA polymerase
Spliceosome
a large RNA-protein complex that catalyses the removal of introns from nuclear pre-mRNA. (mRNA processing)
Introns
Part of gene that doesn’t code
Exons
Converted in mature mRNA
Are introns and exons found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
No prokaryotes do not have introns
Prokaryotic transcription and translation location
Cytoplasm
Eukaryotic transcription location
Cytoplasm
Eukaryotic translation location
Cytoplasm
tracrRNA
Holds crRNA in protein
What type(s) of bonds can be found in quaternary protein structure
Hydrogen bond
Ionic & covalent
There are 4 alleles on a gene, is the Mendelian genetics ?
No
The epigenome
The chemical modifications (tags) on histones and dna
where is crRNA transcribed from
spacer sequences in dna
Crispr region
Previous fragments from viral infections
citric acid cycle inputs
acetyl CoA, NAD+, ADP, FAD
citric cycle outputs
Co2 + CoA, NADH, FADH, ATP
citric acid cycle function
extract some energy, complete the breakdown of molecules originated from glucose
glycolysis inputs
glucose, NAD+, ATP
glycolysis outputs
pyruvate, ATP, NADH
oxidative phosphorylation input
ADP, NADH, O2
oxidative phosphorylation output
H20, ATP, NAD+
glycolysis location
cytosol/cytoplasm
Acetyl Coa formation/Citric acid cycle location
mitochondrial matrix
oxidative phosphorylation location
inner mitochondrial membrane
anaerobic conditions
a lack of oxygen ; stops the conversion of pyruvate acetyl CoA
Calvin cycle inputs
ATP, NADPH, CO2
Calvin cycle outputs
ADP + Pi, NADP+ H
pigment
light capturing molecule (ex. chlorophyll)
thylakoid
little compartments of pigment (neatly stacked into granums)
Which statement correctly describes how cellular DNA content and ploidy levels change during meiosis I and meiosis II?
DNA content is halved in both meiosis I and meiosis II. Ploidy level changes from diploid to haploid in meiosis I, and remains haploid in meiosis II.
If a cell has a higher concentration of salt (NaCl) outside the cell than inside
water moves out of the cell
