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DPT 702 > EXAM > Flashcards

EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

kinesiology

A

the study of motion; focuses on the anatomical, physiologic and biomechanics interactions within the musculoskeletal system

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2
Q

biomechanics

A

the study of the mechanics of biologic systems; application of mechanical principles in the study of living organisms

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3
Q

acceleration

A

change in velocity of a body over time, expressed in linear and angular terms

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4
Q

accessory movements

A

slight, passive, convolutional movements allowed in most joints

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5
Q

active force

A

push or pull generated by stimulated muscle

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6
Q

active movement

A

motion caused by stimulated muscle

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7
Q

agonist muscle

A

muscle or muscle group that is most directly related to the initiation and execution of a particular movement

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8
Q

anatomic position

A

the generally agreed upon reference position of the body used to describe the location and movement of its parts

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9
Q

angle of insertion

A

angle formed between a tendon of a muscle and the long axis of the bone into which it inserts

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10
Q

antagonist muscle

A

muscle or muscle group that has the action opposite to a particular agonist muscle

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11
Q

arthrokinematics

A

motions of roll, slide, and spin that occur between curved articular surfaces of joints

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12
Q

axial rotation

A

angular motion of an object in a direction perpendicular to its longitudinal axis, often used to describe a motion in the horizontal plane

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13
Q

axis of rotation

A

an imaginary line extending through a joint around which rotation occurs (also called the center of rotation)

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14
Q

center of mass

A

point at the exact center of an object’s mass (also referred to as center of gravity when considering the weight of the mass)

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14
Q

bending

A

effect of a force that deforms a material at right angles of its long axis; a bent tissue is compressed on its concave side and placed under tension on its convex side

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15
Q

close-packed position

A

unique position of most joints of the body where the articular surfaces are most congruent and the ligaments are maximally taut

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16
Q

compliance

A

the inverse of stiffness

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17
Q

compression

A

a force applied to the contact surface that pushes or pulls one object directly against another

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18
Q

concentric activation

A

activated muscle that shortens as it produces a pulling force, internal torque > external torque, rotation in direction of activated muscle

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19
Q

creep

A

a progressive strain of a material (deformation) when exposed to a constant load over time

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20
Q

degrees of freedom

A

number of independent directions of movements allowed at a joint, a joint can have up to 3 degrees of translation and 3 degrees of rotation

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21
Q

displacement

A

change in the linear or angular position of an object

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22
Q

distal on proximal segment kinematics

A

type of movement in which the distal segment of a joint rotates relative to a fixed proximal segment (also called an open kinematic chain)

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23
Q

distraction

A

a force applied perpendicularly to the contact surface that pushes or pulls one object directly away from another

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24
Q

eccentric activation

A

activated muscle that is producing a pulling force while being elongated by another more dominant force, external torque > internal torque (joint rotation is dictated by external torque)

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25
Q

elasticity

A

property of a material demonstrated by its ability to return to its original length after the removal of a deforming force

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26
Q

external force

A

push or pull produced by sources located OUTSIDE the body, these typically include gravity and physical contact applied against the body

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27
Q

external moment arm

A

perpendicular distance between an axis of rotation and the external force

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28
Q

external torque

A

product of an external force and its external moment arm

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29
Q

force

A

a push or pull that produces, arrests, or modifies a motion

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30
Q

force couple

A

two or more muscles acting in different linear directions, but producing a torque in the same rotary direction

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31
Q

force of gravity

A

potential acceleration of a body toward the center of the earth as a result of gravity

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32
Q

friction

A

resistance to movement between two contacting surfaces

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33
Q

internal force

A

push or pull produced by a structure located within the body; refers to the force produced by an active muscle

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34
Q

internal moment arm

A

perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and internal (muscle) force

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35
Q

internal torque

A

product of an internal force and its internal moment arm

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36
Q

isometric activation

A

activated muscle that maintains a constant length as it produces a pulling force (external torque = internal torque)

37
Q

joint reaction force (JRF)

A

force that exists at a joint, developed in reaction to the net effect of internal and external forces; includes forces between joint surfaces and forces from any periarticular structure

38
Q

kinematics

A

branch of mechanics that describes the motion of a body, without regard to the forces or torques that may produce motion

39
Q

kinematic chain

A

series of articulated segmented links such as the connected pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot of the lower extremity

40
Q

kinetics

A

branch of mechanics that describes the effect of forces and torques on the body

41
Q

leverage

A

relative moment arm length possessed by a particular force

42
Q

line of force

A

direction and orientation of a muscle’s force

43
Q

line of gravity

A

direction and orientation of the gravitational pull on a body

44
Q

load

A

general term that describes the application of a force to a body

45
Q

longitudinal axis

A

axis that extends within and parallel to a long bone or body segment

46
Q

loose-packed position

A

position of most synovial joints of the body in which the articular surfaces are least congruent and the ligaments are slackened

47
Q

mass

A

quantity of matter in an object

48
Q

mechanical advantage

A

ratio of the internal moment arm to the external moment arm

49
Q

moment arm

A

perpendicular distance between an axis of rotation and the line of force

50
Q

muscle action

A

potential of a muscle to produce a torque within a particular plane of motion and rotation direction (also called joint action when referring to a muscle’s potential to rotate a joint)

51
Q

osteokinematics

A

motion of bones relative to the three cardinal or principal planes

52
Q

passive force

A

push or pull generated by sources other than stimulated muscle, such as tension in stretched periarticular connective tissues, physical contact, and so forth

53
Q

passive movement

A

motion produced by a source other than activated muscle

54
Q

plasticity

A

property of a material demonstrated by remaining permanently deformed after the removal of a force

55
Q

pressure

A

force divided by a surface area (also called stress)

56
Q

productive antagonism

A

phenomenon in which relatively low level tension within stretched connective tissues performs a useful function

57
Q

proximal on distal segment kinematics

A

type of movement in which the proximal segment of a joint rotates relative to a fixed distal segment (also referred to as a closed kinematic chain)

58
Q

roll

A

arthrokinematic term that describes when multiple points on one rotating articular surface contact multiple points on another articular surface

59
Q

rotation

A

angular motion in which a rigid body moves in a circular path around a pivot point or an axis of rotation

60
Q

scalar

A

quantity, such as speed or temperature that is completely specified by its magnitude and has no direction

61
Q

segment

A

any part of a body or limb

62
Q

shear

A

a force produced as two compressed objects slide past each other in opposite directions

63
Q

shock absorption

A

the act of dissipating a force

64
Q

slide

A

arthrokinematic term describing when a single point on one articular surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface (also called glide)

65
Q

spin

A

arthokinematic term describing when a single point on one articular surface rotates on a single point on another articular surface

66
Q

static linear equilibrium

A

state of a body at rest in which the sum of all forces is equal to zero

67
Q

static rotary equilibrium

A

state of a body at rest in which the sum of all torques is equal to zero

68
Q

stiffness

A

ratio of stress (force) to strain (elongation) within an elastic material

69
Q

strain

A

ratio of a tissue’s deformed length to its original length

70
Q

stress

A

force generated as a tissue resists deformation, divided by its cross-sectional area (also called pressure)

71
Q

synergists

A

two or more muscles that cooperate to execute a particular movement

72
Q

tension

A

application of one or more forces that pulls apart or separates a material (also called a distraction force), used to denote the internal stress within a tissue as it resists being stretched

73
Q

torque

A

a force multiplied by its moment arm, tends to rotate a body or segment around an axis of rotation

74
Q

torsion

A

application of a force that twists a material around its longitudinal axis

75
Q

translation

A

linear motion in which all parts of a rigid body move parallel to and in the same direction as every other point in the body. can occur in a straight line (rectilinear) or in a curved line (curvilinear)

76
Q

ultimate failure point

A

length at which a tissue structurally fails and loses its ability to hold a load

77
Q

vector

A

quantity, such as velocity or force that is completely specified by its magnitude and direction

78
Q

velocity

A

change in position of a body over time, expressed in linear and angular terms

79
Q

viscoelasticity

A

property of a material expressed by a changing stress-strain relationship over time

80
Q

weight

A

gravitational force acting on a mass

81
Q

viscosity

A

a measure of the resistance of a fluid towards being deformed when under shear stress, it is a measure of resistance to flow, heating reduces viscosity

82
Q

how does the body handle forces?

A

the ability of the periarticular connective tissues to accept and disperse loads (impacted by aging, trauma, prolonged immobilization, and disease)

83
Q

cytoplasm

A

contains many myofibrils that include tiny cylinders consisting of bundles of myofilaments

84
Q

sarcoplasm

A

responsible for holding components of the cell, stores molecules required for cellular processes (responsible for giving the cell its shape)

85
Q

sarcolemma

A

specialized membrane which surrounds striated muscle fiber cells

86
Q

T tubules

A

invaginations of the sarcolemma that form a permeability

87
Q

calcium

A

enters and leaves the cell through a distribution of ion channels, transporters, and pumps

88
Q

inner layer of muscle

A

endomysium

89
Q

middle layer of muscle

A

perimysium

90
Q

epimysium

A

outer layer

DPT 702 (5 decks)

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