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DPT 702 > EXAM > Flashcards

EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

kinesiology

A

the study of motion; focuses on the anatomical, physiologic and biomechanics interactions within the musculoskeletal system

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2
Q

biomechanics

A

the study of the mechanics of biologic systems; application of mechanical principles in the study of living organisms

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3
Q

acceleration

A

change in velocity of a body over time, expressed in linear and angular terms

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4
Q

accessory movements

A

slight, passive, convolutional movements allowed in most joints

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5
Q

active force

A

push or pull generated by stimulated muscle

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6
Q

active movement

A

motion caused by stimulated muscle

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7
Q

agonist muscle

A

muscle or muscle group that is most directly related to the initiation and execution of a particular movement

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8
Q

anatomic position

A

the generally agreed upon reference position of the body used to describe the location and movement of its parts

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9
Q

angle of insertion

A

angle formed between a tendon of a muscle and the long axis of the bone into which it inserts

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10
Q

antagonist muscle

A

muscle or muscle group that has the action opposite to a particular agonist muscle

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11
Q

arthrokinematics

A

motions of roll, slide, and spin that occur between curved articular surfaces of joints

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12
Q

axial rotation

A

angular motion of an object in a direction perpendicular to its longitudinal axis, often used to describe a motion in the horizontal plane

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13
Q

axis of rotation

A

an imaginary line extending through a joint around which rotation occurs (also called the center of rotation)

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14
Q

center of mass

A

point at the exact center of an object’s mass (also referred to as center of gravity when considering the weight of the mass)

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14
Q

bending

A

effect of a force that deforms a material at right angles of its long axis; a bent tissue is compressed on its concave side and placed under tension on its convex side

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15
Q

close-packed position

A

unique position of most joints of the body where the articular surfaces are most congruent and the ligaments are maximally taut

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16
Q

compliance

A

the inverse of stiffness

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17
Q

compression

A

a force applied to the contact surface that pushes or pulls one object directly against another

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18
Q

concentric activation

A

activated muscle that shortens as it produces a pulling force, internal torque > external torque, rotation in direction of activated muscle

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19
Q

creep

A

a progressive strain of a material (deformation) when exposed to a constant load over time

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20
Q

degrees of freedom

A

number of independent directions of movements allowed at a joint, a joint can have up to 3 degrees of translation and 3 degrees of rotation

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21
Q

displacement

A

change in the linear or angular position of an object

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22
Q

distal on proximal segment kinematics

A

type of movement in which the distal segment of a joint rotates relative to a fixed proximal segment (also called an open kinematic chain)

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23
Q

distraction

A

a force applied perpendicularly to the contact surface that pushes or pulls one object directly away from another

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24
eccentric activation
activated muscle that is producing a pulling force while being elongated by another more dominant force, external torque > internal torque (joint rotation is dictated by external torque)
25
elasticity
property of a material demonstrated by its ability to return to its original length after the removal of a deforming force
26
external force
push or pull produced by sources located OUTSIDE the body, these typically include gravity and physical contact applied against the body
27
external moment arm
perpendicular distance between an axis of rotation and the external force
28
external torque
product of an external force and its external moment arm
29
force
a push or pull that produces, arrests, or modifies a motion
30
force couple
two or more muscles acting in different linear directions, but producing a torque in the same rotary direction
31
force of gravity
potential acceleration of a body toward the center of the earth as a result of gravity
32
friction
resistance to movement between two contacting surfaces
33
internal force
push or pull produced by a structure located within the body; refers to the force produced by an active muscle
34
internal moment arm
perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and internal (muscle) force
35
internal torque
product of an internal force and its internal moment arm
36
isometric activation
activated muscle that maintains a constant length as it produces a pulling force (external torque = internal torque)
37
joint reaction force (JRF)
force that exists at a joint, developed in reaction to the net effect of internal and external forces; includes forces between joint surfaces and forces from any periarticular structure
38
kinematics
branch of mechanics that describes the motion of a body, without regard to the forces or torques that may produce motion
39
kinematic chain
series of articulated segmented links such as the connected pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot of the lower extremity
40
kinetics
branch of mechanics that describes the effect of forces and torques on the body
41
leverage
relative moment arm length possessed by a particular force
42
line of force
direction and orientation of a muscle's force
43
line of gravity
direction and orientation of the gravitational pull on a body
44
load
general term that describes the application of a force to a body
45
longitudinal axis
axis that extends within and parallel to a long bone or body segment
46
loose-packed position
position of most synovial joints of the body in which the articular surfaces are least congruent and the ligaments are slackened
47
mass
quantity of matter in an object
48
mechanical advantage
ratio of the internal moment arm to the external moment arm
49
moment arm
perpendicular distance between an axis of rotation and the line of force
50
muscle action
potential of a muscle to produce a torque within a particular plane of motion and rotation direction (also called joint action when referring to a muscle's potential to rotate a joint)
51
osteokinematics
motion of bones relative to the three cardinal or principal planes
52
passive force
push or pull generated by sources other than stimulated muscle, such as tension in stretched periarticular connective tissues, physical contact, and so forth
53
passive movement
motion produced by a source other than activated muscle
54
plasticity
property of a material demonstrated by remaining permanently deformed after the removal of a force
55
pressure
force divided by a surface area (also called stress)
56
productive antagonism
phenomenon in which relatively low level tension within stretched connective tissues performs a useful function
57
proximal on distal segment kinematics
type of movement in which the proximal segment of a joint rotates relative to a fixed distal segment (also referred to as a closed kinematic chain)
58
roll
arthrokinematic term that describes when multiple points on one rotating articular surface contact multiple points on another articular surface
59
rotation
angular motion in which a rigid body moves in a circular path around a pivot point or an axis of rotation
60
scalar
quantity, such as speed or temperature that is completely specified by its magnitude and has no direction
61
segment
any part of a body or limb
62
shear
a force produced as two compressed objects slide past each other in opposite directions
63
shock absorption
the act of dissipating a force
64
slide
arthrokinematic term describing when a single point on one articular surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface (also called glide)
65
spin
arthokinematic term describing when a single point on one articular surface rotates on a single point on another articular surface
66
static linear equilibrium
state of a body at rest in which the sum of all forces is equal to zero
67
static rotary equilibrium
state of a body at rest in which the sum of all torques is equal to zero
68
stiffness
ratio of stress (force) to strain (elongation) within an elastic material
69
strain
ratio of a tissue's deformed length to its original length
70
stress
force generated as a tissue resists deformation, divided by its cross-sectional area (also called pressure)
71
synergists
two or more muscles that cooperate to execute a particular movement
72
tension
application of one or more forces that pulls apart or separates a material (also called a distraction force), used to denote the internal stress within a tissue as it resists being stretched
73
torque
a force multiplied by its moment arm, tends to rotate a body or segment around an axis of rotation
74
torsion
application of a force that twists a material around its longitudinal axis
75
translation
linear motion in which all parts of a rigid body move parallel to and in the same direction as every other point in the body. can occur in a straight line (rectilinear) or in a curved line (curvilinear)
76
ultimate failure point
length at which a tissue structurally fails and loses its ability to hold a load
77
vector
quantity, such as velocity or force that is completely specified by its magnitude and direction
78
velocity
change in position of a body over time, expressed in linear and angular terms
79
viscoelasticity
property of a material expressed by a changing stress-strain relationship over time
80
weight
gravitational force acting on a mass
81
viscosity
a measure of the resistance of a fluid towards being deformed when under shear stress, it is a measure of resistance to flow, heating reduces viscosity
82
how does the body handle forces?
the ability of the periarticular connective tissues to accept and disperse loads (impacted by aging, trauma, prolonged immobilization, and disease)
83
cytoplasm
contains many myofibrils that include tiny cylinders consisting of bundles of myofilaments
84
sarcoplasm
responsible for holding components of the cell, stores molecules required for cellular processes (responsible for giving the cell its shape)
85
sarcolemma
specialized membrane which surrounds striated muscle fiber cells
86
T tubules
invaginations of the sarcolemma that form a permeability
87
calcium
enters and leaves the cell through a distribution of ion channels, transporters, and pumps
88
inner layer of muscle
endomysium
89
middle layer of muscle
perimysium
90
epimysium
outer layer

DPT 702 (5 decks)

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