Exam

Question 1

APA Dictionary of Psychology (Religion)

Answer 1

Religion is a set of beliefs or practices surrounding worship of a particular deity or deities

Question 2

Allport (1979)

Answer 2

Prejudice is the favourable or unfavourable opinion of a particular person or thing based on no prior experience

Question 3

APA Dictionary of Psychology (2019) - Discrimination

Answer 3

Discrimination is the unfair treatment of a particular group based on factors like sex, sexual orientation, or race

Question 4

Batson (1993) - Introduction

Answer 4

Out of 23 studies, 19 showed that religiousness is positively associated with prejudice, only 1 study found a negative association

Question 5

Batson (1993) - Quest

Answer 5

Coined the idea of Quest, in which a person continually questions their beliefs in search for a truth

Question 6

Yilmaz et al (2016)

Answer 6

Analytical thinking prevents prejudice

Question 7

Hunsberger and Jackson (2005)

Answer 7

Quest is weakly associated with tolerance for racial groups and homosexual people

Question 8

Struening (1957)

Answer 8

People who go to church, but not frequently, tend to be more prejudiced. With more church attendance, prejudice goes down

Question 9

Billiet (1995)

Answer 9

Church attendance has a small but significant effect on negative attitude towards out-groups

Question 10

Goldfried and Miner (2002)

Answer 10

Religious fundamentalism is a direct threat to Quest

Question 11

Altemeyer (2009)

Answer 11

Children who attended fundamental church as children were more likely to hold prejudice views

Question 12

Galen (2012)

Answer 12

People are only altruistic towards members of their in-group, as it increases social desirability

Question 13

Pettigrew and Tropp (2008)

Answer 13

Altruism reduces prejudice towards an out-group as it increases knowledge of the out-group and decreases anxiety

Question 14

Bennett and Einolf (2017)

Answer 14

Did a survey across 126 countries. Religious people were more likely to help a stranger, especially those of minority religions

Question 15

Tsang et al (2021)

Answer 15

Positive relationship with helpfulness and religion, but usually for in-group rather than out-group

Question 16

Leuba (1912)

Answer 16

Did a meta-analysis of all definitions of religion and being religious. Defined through three parts
1. The recognition of a mystery pressing for interpretation
2. A feeling of dependence on a higher being
3. A need to be forgiven of sins that have occurred over life

Question 17

Benson et al (1990)

Answer 17

Meditation has been found to change metabolism in the brain for Buddhists

Question 18

Peterson and Pbert (1992)

Answer 18

Meditation has been found to reduce anxiety

Question 19

Alexander et al (1989)

Answer 19

Meditation reduces age related cognitive declines

Question 20

Beauregard et al (2006)

Answer 20

Orbitofrontal cortex is associated with prayer

Question 21

Newberg et al (2003)

Answer 21

Prefrontal cortex and parietal lobes is associated with prayer and meditation

Question 22

King et al (2009)

Answer 22

In the two player ‘co-ordination game’, the person who acts first likely assumes a leader role while others are likely to follow as long as there is the same pay-off

Question 23

Bulbilia (2004)

Answer 23

Prisoner’s Dilemma - Adding supernatural consequences of heaven and hell increased co-operation in what punishments should happen

Question 24

Ferguson et al (1997) and Harris (1989)

Answer 24

Guilt is developed between the ages of 7 and 10, after other emotions like sadness and happiness

Question 25

Regan (1971)

Answer 25

Guilt makes people more altruistic towards others

Question 26

Carlsmith and Gross (1969)

Answer 26

Guilt makes people more compliant in a group setting

Question 27

Amodio et al (2007)

Answer 27

Guilt causes asymmetry between the two hemispheres of the brain, causing self-regulation and reparative behaviours