exam Flashcards
what’s another word for mitigation for climate change?
reduce
what are the 3 modes of vehicle transmission?
airborne (dust)
waterborne
foodborne
what are 6 health inequalities in Australia?
social gradients
life expectancy gap
incarceration rates
children
rural vs. metropolitan
public vs. private health care
what are 5 population indicators of vulnerable populations?
health status
mortality
disability
social health
mental health
what is miasma?
abandoned medical theory.
“bad air”/ “night air”
epidemics caused by miasma from rotting organic matter
are communicable disease transmitted directly or indirectly?
both
what is assessment in public health?
systematically collect, analyse, & make available information on healthy communities
what is the impact of globalisation?
increased connectedness
interdependence of people & country
what is secondary health care?
specialist of a facility, usually referral from primary, specific or complex diagnosis or health condition
what is assurance in public health?
ensure provision of services to those in need
what is unconscious bias?
social stereotypes about certain groups outside of an individuals conscious awareness
what is health literacy?
ability of a person to understand health info req. for them to successfully make use of all aspects of the health system
what are 3 ways nurses/midwives can facilitate adaption to climate change?
public education
preventative programs
deliver healthcare
what is tertiary health care?
specialised care provided by specialised healthcare professionals, generally in a clinical setting
what is health promotion?
process of enabling people to increase control over, & to improve their health
what is the relationship between climate change & human health?
climate change undermines the environmental determinants of health
what are 5 challenges in the Australian health care system?
increasing age > increase demand
increasing rates of chronic disease
cost of research & innovations
best use of emerging health technologies
better use of health data
is public health preventative or curative?
preventative
what are downstream approaches to health promotion?
focus on providing equitable access to care & services to mitigate negative impacts of disadvantage on health
why do vulnerable populations experience poorer health outcomes?
greater risk of health inequality
what 4 things make a culturally competent healthcare setting?
culturally diverse staff (reflects community)
interpreter services
cultural competence training
signage in various languages
what is biological vector transmission?
multiply inside their bodies > usually transferred through biting
what are the 3 elements of the biomedical model of health promotion?
risky behaviours
healthy lifestyle
health education
what are the 2 modes of vector transmission?
mechanical
biological
what are 4 impacts of globalisation of human health (disease/trade)?
-ve: increase disease
trade +ve: increased access to health-enhancing goods
trade -ve: increased access to health damaging goods
trade -ve: exploitation (child/slave labour)
does public health focus on the population or the individual?
population
what is cultural awareness?
observing & being conscious of similarities & contrast between cultural groups
what is cultural competence?
set of behaviours, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals to enable effect cross-cultural care
what are the social determinants of health?
conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live & age
what is mechanical vector transmission?
outside of their bodies, physical contact
what are 7 current challenges to public health?
poverty
food
water
sanitation
education
inequality
climate change
what are the 3 modes of transmission for infectious disease?
contact
vehicle
vector
what is race?
physical features that a group may have in common, considered a social construct
what are the 3 elements of social/ecological model of health promotion?
broader determinants of health
reduce social inequities
empowers individuals/communities
what is primary health care?
individuals first contact with health system, basic, first-line care
are communicable diseases caused by a specific infectious agent?
yes
what is culture?
customary beliefs, social forms, & traits of a racial, religious or social group
what are the 3 requirements of population screening programs?
important health condition
recognisable early symptomatic stage
history of condition is understood
what are 10 areas where nurses can integrate sustainability?
leadership
chemicals
waste
energy
water
transportation
food
pharmaceuticals
buildings
purchasing
what is secondary prevention in health promotion?
interrupts, prevents, minimises progress of a disease/disorder at an early stage
what is primary prevention in health promotion?
reduces likelihood of developing disease/disorder
what is the behavioural model of health promotion?
modification of behaviour
what are the 4 modes of contact transmission?
direct
indirect
droplet
airborne (inspiration/aerosolisation)
what are 7 major public health achievements in the past century (20th century)?
decline in deaths from coronary heart disease & stoke
recognition of tobacco use as health hazard
vaccination
motor-vehicle safety
safer workplaces
control of infectious diseases
fluoridation of drinking water
what are the 7 stages in the evolution of public health?
miasma
bacteriological
health resources
social engineering
old public health
new public health/health promotion
ecological public health
what is policy in public health?
promote the use of a scientific knowledge base in policy & decision making
what are the 5 components of screening program in Australia?
recruitment
screening
assessment
diagnosis
outcome
what are the 4 healthcare providers in the Australian health system?
primary care services (GPs)
medical specialists
allied health workers
nurses/midwives
what is the transmission of a communicable disease?
infectious agent or its toxic products from an infected person, animal, or reservoir to a susceptible host
what does sensitivity measure in screening programs?
how often a test correctly produces a positive result for people who have the condition
what are 4 roles nurses/midwives have in policy development for health promotion?
advocates for health
understand impact of poor health
involved in preventative care
understand importance of care regardless of income/background
what is ethnicity?
ethnic quality or affiliation
what are 6 interventions for communicable/infectious disease?
remove agent
control reservoir
physically prevent transmission from reservoir
isolate/quarantine
prevent infection in new host
contact tracing
what is specificity measure in screen programs?
test’s ability to correctly produce a negative result for people who don’t have the condition
what are 4 major disease conditions?
cardiovascular
diabetes
cancers
chronic respiratory diseases
what are health inequities?
unfair systematic differences in health status & outcomes or in the distribution of health resources
what are health inequalities?
unfair distribution of resources
what is tertiary prevention in health promotion?
halts progression of damage already done
what is public health
art & science concerned w/ promoting health, preventing disease & prolonging life for everyone, everywhere, at every stage of life
what are the 3 core functions of public health?
assessment
policy
assurance
what are upstream approaches to health promotion?
improving fundamental social & economical structures to decrease barriers/improve supports which allow people to achieve full potential health
what’s another word for adaption to climate change?
prepare
can different population groups avoid health inequities due to their social determinants of health?
yes
what are 4 ways nurses/midwives reduce barriers to health services for vulnerable populations?
educate yourself
active listener
culturally competent practitioner
advocate for change in organisational & system policy when needed
