exam Flashcards
James Garfield (531)
President who was assassinated; his assassination caused the civil service reform
Jefferson Davis (350)
The Confederate’s chosen president
Sitting Bull (500-502)
after the battle of Little BigHorn fled to Canada
Robert E. Lee (391)
General in the confederate army, he didn’t want the position but took it when offered, and was actually against slavery.
Elisha Otis (475)
Developed a safety elevator
John Brown (336)
He was a New York abolitionist leader who led a raid on Harper’s Ferry and tried to start a slave rebellion by violence, but ultimately failed and was killed. He was also involved in Bleeding Kansas, and part of the problem.
W.E.B. Dubois (566)
He believed that blacks should demand equality immediately and didn’t want to wait for slow social acceptance; critic of Booker T Washington
Sioux Indians (498)
Attacked eastern Minnesota, pushed out into the Dakotas by American government
Boss Tweed (420)
Crime boss who was exposed by political cartoonist Thomas Nast for his illegal activities
Clara Barton (378)
She was a nurse who helped out in the Civil War by giving soldiers medical supplies they needed to live.
Dred Scott (341)
A slave who sued for his freedom; Court ruled that slaves were property
George McClellan (366)
Cautious general that fought for the North during the Civil War; Lincoln fired him and then reinstated him; ran against Lincoln in 1864 & won 45% of the popular vote
William Sherman (3
Led Union troops on a 250 mile march to the sea and burned Atlanta to the ground, called the Butcher
Upton Sinclair (551)
He wrote The Jungle
Oliver Kelley (535)
Organized the Grange- a farmers’ association, taught farmers new farming techniques
Chief Joseph (502)
Was a chief who led his followers to escape to Canada, but was ultimately caught. Led a group of Indians on a 1,300 mile journey to Canada. He was stopped just short.
Susan B. Anthony (527)
Favored abolishing slavery, she felt betrayed that women were not include in the 14th amendment, arrested for voting
James Buchanan (341)
The Democratic president who won the 1856 election and promised to stop the agitation of the slavery issue, by doing literally nothing helpful
George Custer (500
His force of 250 men were killed by Crazy Horse at the Battle of Little BigHorn
Harriet Beecher Stowe (333)
Published Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Chester Arthur (531)
Pursued civil service reform after Garfield’s assassination; wasn’t liked by fellow republicans and won the 1829 election
Henry Grady (492)
Called for a new south to develop industrialized cities
William McKinley (570)
Won the presidential election of 1896. Theodore Roosevelt became President of the United States when this man was assassinated.
Booker T. Washington (522)
Discouraged African Americans from demanding immediate recognition of their civil rights; “pull themselves up by their bootstraps”
John Rockefeller (444)
Oil tycoon who used horizontal integration to increase profits
John Hay (603)
He is responsible for creating the open door policy and opening up trade with China.
Samuel Gompers (454)
Labor leader that began the American Federation of Labor
Horatio Alger (483)
Wrote about poor characters who succeeded through hard work to achieve the American dream
Mark Twain (480)
He satirized American life in his 1873 novel, The Gilded Age and he was an anti-imperialist
Grover Cleveland (530)
Gilded Age president with a reputation for integrity, when everyone else around the time was into bribery and stupid decisions.
Jacob Riis (551)
A photographer who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses
Warren Harding (650-651)(666)
American voters elected this Republican who promised a return to simpler times; known for reducing regulations on businesses put into place by the Progressives
John Pershing (638)
the commander of American troops during WWI in Europe, He also chased Pancho Villa prior to the war
Emilio Aguinaldo (595)
He was a Filipino nationalist who rebelled against Spanish and American control.
Ida Wells (559)
Helped form the National Association of Colored Women (NACW), and was against lynching activist
Margaret Sanger (558)
Was a nurse and thought mothers should have less children, opened the country’s first birth-control clinic
Woodrow Wilson (62
Created the New Freedom Plan, a Democrat, he used moral diplomacy; wanted the U.S. to remain neutral in WWI because of the nation’s ethnic diversity
Charles Lindbergh (682)
He took the first solo flight from Long Island, New York to Paris, France, he was in a small plane named the Spirit of St. Louis, became a celebrity.
Marcus Garvey (691)
A prominent african american leader, back to Africa movement, his organization fell apart after he was deported for mail fraud.
Calvin Coolidge (668-669)
Believed that the creation of wealth helped the U.S. as whole; ignored minorities and their problems; experienced a big economy boom during his presidency
William Howard Taft (600)
Dollar diplomacy; governor of the Philippines and later became President of the U.S.; restored order in the Philippines by censoring the press
Eugene Debs (632)
Leader of the Socialist Party in America
William Jennings Bryan (598
the Democratic nominee for president in 1896, had an anti-imperialist view; in favor of “free silver”
Alfred Mahan (587)
He wanted a powerful navy
Porfirio Diaz (610)
Dictator in Mexico
John Muir (572)
Worked with Roosevelt to create Yosemite National Park
John Maynard Keynes (708)
He believed that the lack of government interference in the economy lead to the depression
Louis Armstrong (692)
Was a trumpet player in the 1920, called the King of Jazz or something like that
F. Scott Fitzgerald (686
The writer in The Great Gatsby
Ernest Hemingway (687)
Felt betrayed by the american dream, wrote with blunt sentences; powerful, concrete style
Cesar Chavez (713)
Labor organizer in the southwest who wanted to help farming families because of his experiences during the Great Depression.
Andrew Mellon (666)
President Harding signaled his administration’s economic direction when he appointed this man as Secretary of the Treasury; wealthy banker, involved in the teapot scandal.
popular sovereignty (326)
The people in a state got to choose if it was a free or a slave state, an unworkable solution
total war (386)
involves striking civilians as well as military targets
copperheads (375)
Democrats who wanted peace over war
protective tariff (438)
A tax that makes imported goods more costly than those made locally
Radical Republicans (404)
Advocated full citizenship for african americans, and total punishment for the confederacy,
direct primary (554)
election in which citizens themselves vote to select nominees for upcoming elections
scalawags (411
White men who had been locked out of pre-Civil War politics by their wealthier neighbors
contraband (368)
Illegal weapons and other articles to fight a war
sharecropping problems (416)
When a landowner dictated the crop; they were overcharging the tenants
socialism (453)
An economic and political philosophy favoring public control of property and income
muckrakers (550)
People who reported on hazardous conditions in factories
zoning laws (476)
Separate zones for different things in a city, so house and factories were in separate zones
income tax (373)
US government had to pay 3% if you made over $800
black codes (407)
Laws that sought to limit the rights of African Americans and keep them as landless workers
carpetbaggers (411)
Were newcomers from the north that saw opportunities in the south, their bags looked like carpet because they were cheap
Republican Party (340)
was formed in 1854, they were anit-slavery, became popular in the south because of millions of new voters
referendum (555)
Process that allows citizens to approve or reject a law passed by a legislature
abolitionists (325)
Believed that slavery was morally wrong, wanted it to end.
segregation (412)
the separation of the different races
poll tax (521)
Required voters to pay tax to vote, usually black people
consumption patterns (481)
Most influenced by advertising
open-range system (508)
Invented by Mexican cowboys; farmers let their cattle wander freely throughout the country and rounded it all up at the end
vaqueros (508)
Mexican cowboys
mass culture (481-482)
Household gadgets, toys and food preferences were often the same from house to house
Great White Fleet (603)
A fleet of US ships that were made and sent on a trip around the world to showcase their power (Roosevelt)
americanization (564
Assimilate them into ‘americans’,
jingoism (593)
Aggressive nationalism
creditor nation (651)
Countries owed this country money
big stick diplomacy (605)
The diplomacy that Roosevelt used- walk softly and carry a big stick
reservationists (644)
They were opped of the treaty as it was written
pacifists (630)
People opposed to war for any reason
extractive economy (586)
Economies in which countries remove raw materials
homesteaders (511)
They lived on the plains and built homes of sod
vigilantes (507)
Self-appointed law enforcers
assimilate (502-504)
Indians become part of national life by adopting the culture and civilization of whites- this applied to all immigrants too
conspicuous consumers (480)
People wanted and bought the many new products on the market
extractive economy (586)
Economy in which raw materials are removed by other countries
The Jungle (551)
written by Upton sinclaire, Made congress to pass the meat inspection act
elevators (475)
Invention that made the building and use of skyscrapers feasible
dollar diplomacy (609)
Was created by Taft
nativism (468)
which was a belief that native born white Americasn were superior to newcomers
bootleggers (678)
sold alcohol to consumers illegally
okies (715)
The dust bowl refugees
flapper (684)
A symbol of the new women, shorter hair, shorter dresses, and more makeup.
speculation (706)
When people bought stocks without actually thinking about it, based on speculation only
repatriation (717)
In the southwest many white americans clamored for mexican american
trickle-down economics
RFC gave out billions of dollars to big businesses
installment buying (664)
A consumer would make a small down payment and then pay off the rest of the debt in monthly payments
business cycle (706)
Periodic expansion and contraction of the economy
Battle at Petersburg (390-391)
Confederates lost because they had no replacement troops. Lee’s retreat led to the fall of the Confederate capital, Richmond, Virginia.
Civil War death totals (394)
623,000 (more than WW1 and WW2 combined)
Battle at Antietam (368)
The single bloodiest day of the Civil War
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 (329)
Citizens had to help with returning slaves if they don’t then they can be put in jail or fined
Battle at Glorieta Pass (365)
Ended fighting in the south
NAACP beginnings (566-567)
The 1908 Springfield riot
nursing during the war (378)
Most notable military role for women in the north and south
Bleeding Kansas (336)
Popular sovereignty was an unworkable solution, when Kansas was going to enter the Union, it had to be slave or free, and people flocked to the state in an attempt to sway the vote (like John Brown), which led to violence between pro and anti slavery groups, called Bleeding Kansas.
Clayton Antitrust Act (578)
Spelled out activities in which businesses could not engage
Granger Movement (states) (535)
Helped provide education on new farming techniques and called for the regulation of railroad and grain elevators; used by the midwest
Farmers’ Alliance (533)
They wanted lower interest rates and established banks and tried to cut down shipping coats so that farmers weren’t scammed.
18th Amendment (578)
No more alcohol was to be made or sold in america- prohibition
Southern advantages (362)
Produced more cotton, they were fighting for their way of life, fighting in their own territory
16th Amendment (577)
made a graduated income tax
Chautauqua Circuit (484)
Began as a summer camp for Methodist Sunday school teachers
Dred Scott decision (341)
Stated that slaves were the property of their owners, in a court case where Dred Scott was born (taken?) to a free state and spent most of his life there, but wasn’t considered free
Dawes Allotment Act (504)
Law that divided land into private family plot
NAWSA (559)
The National American Women’s Suffrage Association, the president Carrie Chapman Cat
southern landscape after the war (395)
Its landscape was in shambles after the war. Many businesses and farms were destroyed due to battles and total warfare.
NCL (558)
National Consumers League
Pendleton Civil Service Act (531)
Established a Civil Service Commission, Which wrote a civil service exam so civil servants could be qualified for their positions
Niagara Movement (566)
denounced the idea of “gradual progress”; met at Niagara Falls
Hepburn Act (571)
Gave the government the power to set and limit shipping costs; gave the ICC stronger powers
Civil Rights Act of 1875 (495)
Guaranteed black patrons the right to ride trains and use public facilities
ICC (448)
Formed to oversee railroad operations
Compromise of 1877 (424)
An agreement that settled the 1876 election in favor of Rutherford B. Hayes, as long as northern troops were removed from the southern states.Johnson’s impeachment (407)
Johnson’s impeachment (407)
Johnson tried to remove the Secretary of War even after a bill was passed saying that he couldn’t do that, then the House of Representatives tried to impeach him, but it lost by one vote. After this he stopped trying sketchy things.
Fourteen Points(641)
Main objective was to not to humiliate the Central Powers after their defeat
Square Deal (570)
Wanted the wealthy and powerful to not take advantage from others
The Great Migration (634)
African Americans left the south with a dream of a better future; WW1 contributed by opening job opportunities in the north
The Teller Amendment (594)
America could not annexation of Cuba
NAACP (formation) (566-567)
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Formation of Rep. Party (340)
Formed in 1854 to oppose slavery
The Scopes Trial (672)
A clash between religion and science
21st Amendment (678)
Allowed alcohol again
Hawley-Smoot Tariff (707)
Raised the tariffs on imported foreign goods, so that Americans would buy American goods in an attempt to help the economy after the Depression started.
Dust bowl (715)
A huge dust storm; farmers lost farms, contributed to the problem with new types of farming techniques that removed protective grasses; most migrants ended up in urban areas
The Jazz Singer (680)
The first movie with sound
Dawes Plan (670)
A plan for Germany to pay back war reparations
Harlem Renaissance (693)
Was an outpouring of African american culture
Volstead Act (677)
This officially enforced the 18th Amendment (prohibition)
Selective Service Act (628)
Authorized a draft of young men for military service in Europe during WW1
Red Scare (649)
A wave of widespread fear suspected communists and radicals thought to be plotting revolution within the US
Roosevelt Corollary (607)
U.S. should assume the role of police in Latin America
1920’s farm incomes (660)
Decreased rapidly due to debt and dying economy
Farmers contributions to the Dust Bowl (715)
New farming methods made drought conditions worse by removing the top protective layer of grass
Purpose of volunteerism (720)
Called for public works programs
Banks at the start of the Great Depression (706)
Failed because too many depositors tried to withdraw their money all at once
National leaders avoiding war (670)
They avoided other countries
America’s economy after WWI (660)
It was a small recession and then it boomed into roaring twenties
New Orleans (364)
birthplace of jazz
Chicago (478)
Ravaged by a disastrous fire in 1871, also one of the places African Americans migrated to
Angel Island (467)
Island by California where the Chinese immigrants were processed; much slower and worse than Ellis Island, often had people in there for weeks or months.
Vicksburg (380)
Confederacy stronghold that was hard for the Union to capture because it was hard to attack, towered over the Mississippi River
Galveston (554)
in 1900 a massive hurricane left the city of Galveston Texas and ruins
Hawaii (591)
Sugar cain and pineapple were both found in Hawaii: Queen Liliuokalani was the last monarch; Congress passed the annexation of Hawaii in 1898
Ellis Island (466)
Island by New York where the European immigrants were processed; much faster and easier than Angel Island (CA), checked for diseases and criminal records
California (568)
Gasoline was discovered here, movies were filmed here, many Mexican migrated here to find work on ranches the first gold rush happened here, and there were many Asian immigrants,
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory (553)
Fire that killed workers because the exits were locked; resulted in the formation of worker compensation laws, which paid workers hurt on the job
Midwestern cities (472)
Many people migrated here for more opportunities from the south; most were located near water
Panama Canal Zone (606)
The US sent troops for Panamanian rebels fighting against Colombia to get access to the Panama Canal so it could be built without paying Columbia at a lower price
Ft. Sumter (353)
The first battle of the Civil War
Hoovervilles (712)
Homeless people lived in these make ship towns during the great depression
Harriet Tubman
Maryland born slave that was a key figure for the underground railroad; “Black Moses”
