Exam Flashcards
Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, considers:
features visible with the naked, or unaided, eye.
The human form shown upright, hands at the sides, palms forward, and feet together is in the _______ position.
anatomical
A person lying face down is in the _______ position.
prone
A person lying face up is in the ________ position.
supine
The frontal plane divides the body into the _______ and _______ portions.
anterior, posterior
The diaphragm separates the abdominopelvic and _______ cavities.
thoracic
The layer of the pericardium covering the heart is the _______ pericardium.
visceral
The pericardium lies within the:
mediastinum
________ is an anatomical term meaning “toward an attached base.”
Proximal
_______ is an anatomical term meaning “above or at a higher level.”
Superior
The term _______ means “the study of internal and external structures and the physical relationships between body parts.”
Anatomy
_______ is the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.
Physiology
The _______level is comprised of the smallest stable units of matter.
Molecular
_______ are the smallest living units in the body.
Cells
The pleural cavity surrounds what organ?
Lung
The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into either four or nine regions. (True or False)
True
The axial skeleton includes all limbs and supporting bones and ligaments. (True or False)
False
Bone marrow acts as the primary site of red and white blood cell production. (True or False)
True
The pituitary gland controls other endocrine glands and regulates growth and fluid balance. (True or False)
True
The sagittal plane runs along the long axis of the body, extending anteriorly and posteriorly and dividing the body into left and right portions. (True or False)
True
________ processes require the cell to expend energy to move ions or molecules across the cell membrane, usually in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Active
A(n) ________ is a subatomic particle with a negative charge.
Electron
________ are atoms or molecules with an electric charge.
Anions, Cations, Ions
________ are chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations.
Ionic Bonds
________ is stored energy.
Potential Energy
________ are the essential elements and molecules obtained from the diet.
Nutrients
________ are compounds that stabilize pH by either removing or replacing hydrogen ions.
Buffers
Sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are examples of:
Cations
What reaction breaks molecules into smaller fragments (for example, AB ——-> A + B)?
Decomposition Reaction
Inorganic compounds do not contain hydrogen and ________ atoms.
Carbon
________ is a form of decomposition reaction.
Catabolism, Digestion, Hydrolysis
________ is the net movement of molecules from an area of relatively high concentration to an area of relatively low concentration.
DIffusion
What is the diffusion of water across a cell membrane called?
Osmosis
Which solution does not cause the net movement of water into or out of a red blood cell?
Isotonic
Which solution causes the movement of water into a red blood cell, causing it to swell and possibly lyse, or burst?
Hypotonic
Which solution causes a red blood cell to lose water, causing the cell to shrink and dehydrate?
Hypertonic
Glucose is passively transported across the cell membrane by binding to a receptor site on a carrier protein in a process called:
Facilitated Diffusion
Lactated Ringers and normal saline are examples of what type of IV fluid?
Crystalloid
The organelles that manufacture proteins, using information provided by the DNA of the nucleus, are called what?
Ribosomes
What is an essential function of epithelial cells?
Control permeability, produce specialized secretions, Provide physical protection
________ is an example of a connective tissue.
Blood, bone, fat
________ are responsible for engulfing damaged cells or pathogens that enter the tissue.
Macrophages
________ are proteins that destroy invading microorganisms.
Antibodies
The watery matrix in blood is called:
Plasma
What type of muscle is also known as striated voluntary muscle because it is controlled by the nervous system and has a striated appearance?
Skeletal
________ is a brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment that accumulates in the epidermal cells.
Melanin
Reddish-purple blotches due to leakage of blood from an artery or vein are called:
Ecchymosis
________ is the medical condition characterized by the eruption of groups of vesicles along the dermatome of a sensory nerve.
Herpes Zoster
The integument contains two types of exocrine glands, sweat and:
Sebaceous
The primary function of merocrine sweat glands is what?
To cool the surface of the skin
A blood clot consists mainly of an insoluble network of:
Fibrin
An ________ is an injury where a flap of skin and tissues are torn loose or torn off.
Avulsion
Which of the following is a function of the skeletal system?
The production of red blood cells within the red marrow
What is the expanded portion at each end of a long bone called?
Epiphyses
The outer surface of a bone is covered by a(n):
Periosteum
Which of the following plays an important part in normal calcium metabolism?
Vitamin D3
Which of the following works with parathyroid hormone (PTH) to elevate calcium levels in the body?
Calcitriol
A partial displacement of a bone end from its position within a joint capsule is a what?
Subluxation
A ________ fracture has multiple bone fragments at the fracture site.
Comminuted
The pelvic girdle is included in what division of the skeleton?
Appendicular
The ________ connects the cranial cavity with the spinal cavity and has the spinal cord passing through it.
Foramen Magnum
Which of the following is suspended below the skull and serves as a base for muscles associated with the larynx, tongue, and pharynx?
Hyoid
What is the fibrous connective tissue connecting the bones of the skull at birth called?
Fontanels
The ________ is the projection on the axis (C2) that forms a pivot joint with the atlas (C1) to allow a person to rotate their head side to side.
Dens and Odontoid process
The superior portion of the sternum is called the what?
Manubrium
The arm, or brachium, contains what single bone?
Humerus
The head of the femur connects with what curved surface of the pelvis?
Acetabelum
Which of the following is a function of skeletal muscle?
To produce movement of the skeleton, to maintain body temperature
________ is the “key” that “unlocks” the active site of an actin molecule.
Calcium
________ is the neurotransmitter or chemical released by a motor neuron to communicate with other cells.
Acetylcholine
Arm muscles, after being in a cast, can develop smaller and weaker muscle fibers in a condition called:
Atrophy
The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm of the cell is called:
Glycolysis
The specialized sites that are contacts between cardiac muscle cells are called what?
Intercalated discs
The specialized cells that determine the timing of cardiac muscle contractions are called what?
Pacemaker Cells
Which muscle separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Diaphragm
All neural tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord makes up which nervous system?
Peripheral
Information is carried to the CNS by the ________ division, and motor commands are carried to muscles and glands via the ________ division.
Afferent, Efferent
_______ increase(s) the speed at which the action potential travels along the axon of an oligodendrocyte.
Myelin
Which of the following is an example of a demyelination disorder?
Multiple Sclerosis
What is a shift of membrane potential toward 0 mV called?
Depolarization
__________ is when a cell membrane cannot respond normally to further stimulation.
Refractory Period
Synapses that release norepinephrine are called:
Adrenergic
The three layers of specialized membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord are the:
Meninges
Which part of the brain controls conscious thoughts, sensations, memory storage, and complex movements?
Cerebrum
The hypothalamus is connected to what glans, which is the primary link between the nervous and endocrine systems?
Pituitary
Which region of the brain is responsible for control of autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestive activities?
Medulla Oblongata
Which of the following is caused by an imbalance in the amount of CSF produced and the rate at which it is absorbed?
Hydrocephalus
The _________ division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates tissue metabolism, increases alertness, and prepares the body to deal with emergencies.
Sympathetic
The stimulation of beta 1 receptors causes which of the following?
An increase in cardiac contractility, An increase in heart rate, An increase in cardiac conduction
The parasympathetic nervous system has nicotinic and __________ receptors.
Muscarinic
