Exam Flashcards
Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, considers:
features visible with the naked, or unaided, eye.
The human form shown upright, hands at the sides, palms forward, and feet together is in the _______ position.
anatomical
A person lying face down is in the _______ position.
prone
A person lying face up is in the ________ position.
supine
The frontal plane divides the body into the _______ and _______ portions.
anterior, posterior
The diaphragm separates the abdominopelvic and _______ cavities.
thoracic
The layer of the pericardium covering the heart is the _______ pericardium.
visceral
The pericardium lies within the:
mediastinum
________ is an anatomical term meaning “toward an attached base.”
Proximal
_______ is an anatomical term meaning “above or at a higher level.”
Superior
The term _______ means “the study of internal and external structures and the physical relationships between body parts.”
Anatomy
_______ is the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.
Physiology
The _______level is comprised of the smallest stable units of matter.
Molecular
_______ are the smallest living units in the body.
Cells
The pleural cavity surrounds what organ?
Lung
The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into either four or nine regions. (True or False)
True
The axial skeleton includes all limbs and supporting bones and ligaments. (True or False)
False
Bone marrow acts as the primary site of red and white blood cell production. (True or False)
True
The pituitary gland controls other endocrine glands and regulates growth and fluid balance. (True or False)
True
The sagittal plane runs along the long axis of the body, extending anteriorly and posteriorly and dividing the body into left and right portions. (True or False)
True
________ processes require the cell to expend energy to move ions or molecules across the cell membrane, usually in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Active
A(n) ________ is a subatomic particle with a negative charge.
Electron
________ are atoms or molecules with an electric charge.
Anions, Cations, Ions
________ are chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations.
Ionic Bonds
________ is stored energy.
Potential Energy
________ are the essential elements and molecules obtained from the diet.
Nutrients
________ are compounds that stabilize pH by either removing or replacing hydrogen ions.
Buffers
Sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are examples of:
Cations
What reaction breaks molecules into smaller fragments (for example, AB ——-> A + B)?
Decomposition Reaction
Inorganic compounds do not contain hydrogen and ________ atoms.
Carbon
________ is a form of decomposition reaction.
Catabolism, Digestion, Hydrolysis
________ is the net movement of molecules from an area of relatively high concentration to an area of relatively low concentration.
DIffusion
What is the diffusion of water across a cell membrane called?
Osmosis
Which solution does not cause the net movement of water into or out of a red blood cell?
Isotonic
Which solution causes the movement of water into a red blood cell, causing it to swell and possibly lyse, or burst?
Hypotonic
Which solution causes a red blood cell to lose water, causing the cell to shrink and dehydrate?
Hypertonic
Glucose is passively transported across the cell membrane by binding to a receptor site on a carrier protein in a process called:
Facilitated Diffusion
Lactated Ringers and normal saline are examples of what type of IV fluid?
Crystalloid
The organelles that manufacture proteins, using information provided by the DNA of the nucleus, are called what?
Ribosomes
What is an essential function of epithelial cells?
Control permeability, produce specialized secretions, Provide physical protection
________ is an example of a connective tissue.
Blood, bone, fat
________ are responsible for engulfing damaged cells or pathogens that enter the tissue.
Macrophages
________ are proteins that destroy invading microorganisms.
Antibodies
The watery matrix in blood is called:
Plasma
What type of muscle is also known as striated voluntary muscle because it is controlled by the nervous system and has a striated appearance?
Skeletal
________ is a brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment that accumulates in the epidermal cells.
Melanin
Reddish-purple blotches due to leakage of blood from an artery or vein are called:
Ecchymosis
________ is the medical condition characterized by the eruption of groups of vesicles along the dermatome of a sensory nerve.
Herpes Zoster
The integument contains two types of exocrine glands, sweat and:
Sebaceous
The primary function of merocrine sweat glands is what?
To cool the surface of the skin
A blood clot consists mainly of an insoluble network of:
Fibrin
An ________ is an injury where a flap of skin and tissues are torn loose or torn off.
Avulsion
Which of the following is a function of the skeletal system?
The production of red blood cells within the red marrow
What is the expanded portion at each end of a long bone called?
Epiphyses
The outer surface of a bone is covered by a(n):
Periosteum
Which of the following plays an important part in normal calcium metabolism?
Vitamin D3
Which of the following works with parathyroid hormone (PTH) to elevate calcium levels in the body?
Calcitriol
A partial displacement of a bone end from its position within a joint capsule is a what?
Subluxation
A ________ fracture has multiple bone fragments at the fracture site.
Comminuted
The pelvic girdle is included in what division of the skeleton?
Appendicular
The ________ connects the cranial cavity with the spinal cavity and has the spinal cord passing through it.
Foramen Magnum
Which of the following is suspended below the skull and serves as a base for muscles associated with the larynx, tongue, and pharynx?
Hyoid
What is the fibrous connective tissue connecting the bones of the skull at birth called?
Fontanels
The ________ is the projection on the axis (C2) that forms a pivot joint with the atlas (C1) to allow a person to rotate their head side to side.
Dens and Odontoid process
The superior portion of the sternum is called the what?
Manubrium
The arm, or brachium, contains what single bone?
Humerus
The head of the femur connects with what curved surface of the pelvis?
Acetabelum
Which of the following is a function of skeletal muscle?
To produce movement of the skeleton, to maintain body temperature
________ is the “key” that “unlocks” the active site of an actin molecule.
Calcium
________ is the neurotransmitter or chemical released by a motor neuron to communicate with other cells.
Acetylcholine
Arm muscles, after being in a cast, can develop smaller and weaker muscle fibers in a condition called:
Atrophy
The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm of the cell is called:
Glycolysis
The specialized sites that are contacts between cardiac muscle cells are called what?
Intercalated discs
The specialized cells that determine the timing of cardiac muscle contractions are called what?
Pacemaker Cells
Which muscle separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Diaphragm
All neural tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord makes up which nervous system?
Peripheral
Information is carried to the CNS by the ________ division, and motor commands are carried to muscles and glands via the ________ division.
Afferent, Efferent
_______ increase(s) the speed at which the action potential travels along the axon of an oligodendrocyte.
Myelin
Which of the following is an example of a demyelination disorder?
Multiple Sclerosis
What is a shift of membrane potential toward 0 mV called?
Depolarization
__________ is when a cell membrane cannot respond normally to further stimulation.
Refractory Period
Synapses that release norepinephrine are called:
Adrenergic
The three layers of specialized membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord are the:
Meninges
Which part of the brain controls conscious thoughts, sensations, memory storage, and complex movements?
Cerebrum
The hypothalamus is connected to what glans, which is the primary link between the nervous and endocrine systems?
Pituitary
Which region of the brain is responsible for control of autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestive activities?
Medulla Oblongata
Which of the following is caused by an imbalance in the amount of CSF produced and the rate at which it is absorbed?
Hydrocephalus
The _________ division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates tissue metabolism, increases alertness, and prepares the body to deal with emergencies.
Sympathetic
The stimulation of beta 1 receptors causes which of the following?
An increase in cardiac contractility, An increase in heart rate, An increase in cardiac conduction
The parasympathetic nervous system has nicotinic and __________ receptors.
Muscarinic
What are the chemical messengers of the endocrine system called?
Hormones
The __________ provides acts as an important link between the nervous and endocrine systems?
Hypothalamus
The hormones released by the ___________ control other endocrine glands.
Anterior pituitary gland
Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are released by which gland?
Posterior pituitary gland
What is the primary function of the antidiuretic hormone?
To decrease the amount of water lost in urine
Which disease occurs when the kidneys cannot respond to ADH or there is inadequate release of ADH into the body, which may be a result of trauma to the hypothalamus?
Diabetes insipidus
Which corticosteroid affects the electrolyte composition of body fluids?
Aldosterone
Which of the following promotes the conversion of lipids to glucose?
Cortisone
Epinephrine is secreted by which gland?
Adrenal medulla
The endocrine cells of which organ produce & secrete glucagon and insulin?
Pancreas
The alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans produce & secrete which hormone?
Glucagon
Which hormone secreted by the kidneys stimulates the production of red blood cells?
Erythropoietin
In a(n) __________ effect, one hormone must be present for another hormone to work?
Permissive
In a(n) __________ effect, one hormone must be present for another hormone to work?
Permissive
A(n) _________ effect can result in two hormones having a net effect greater than the sum of their individual effects.
Synergistic
Blood reduces fluid loss at an injury site by which of the following?
Clotting
What are special proteins that attack invading organisms called?
Antibodies
What is the average pH of whole blood?
7.35 to 7.45
Which of the following is the most abundant plasma protein and the one responsible for the osmotic pressure of plasma?
Albumin
Which plasma protein is responsible for antibodies and transport proteins?
Globulins
Which of the following is called a drifting blood clot?
Embolus
Which plasma protein is involved in blood coagulation?
Fibrinogens
_________ bind(s) and transport (s) carbon dioxide and oxygen
Hemoglobin
The ________ is the percentage of whole blood volume occupied by cellular elements.
Hematocrit
Which surface antigen on red blood cells determines blood type?
A, B, Rh
What is thrombocytopenia?
Low Platelet Count
Which chambers of the heart are associated with the pulmonary circuit?
Right atrium, right ventricle
Which connective tissue divides the thoracic cavity into two pleural cavities and encloses the heart?
Mediastinum
The muscular wall of the heart is called what?
Myocardium
Which of the following is true of the foramen ovale?
Closes at birth, penetrates the interatrial septum and connects the atria, allows blood flow from the right atrium and left ventricle
The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is the:
Mitral valve, Left atrioventricular valve, Bicuspid valve
The right coronary artery divides into what branches?
Marginal and posterior interventricular
What is an area of dead tissue caused by interruption in cardiac blood flow called?
Infarct
The influx of _________ rapidly depolarizes the cardiac contractile cells.
Sodium
Pulmonary veins carry blood to which of the following?
Heart
The normal rate of contraction of the heart is established by _________ cells.
Pacemaker
_________ form branching networks and are barely the diameter of a single red blood cell
Capillaries
Which layer of a blood vessel contains smooth muscle tissue?
Tunica Media
The formation of lipid deposits in the tunica media associated with damage to the endothelial lining is called what?
Atherosclerosis
Which of the following controls the flow of blood into the capillary?
Precapillary Sphincter
________ connect arterioles and venules, acting as shunts of the capillary beds.
Arteriovenous anastomosis
________ is the resistance to flow resulting from interactions among molecules and suspended materials in a liquid.
Viscosity
________ is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures.
Pulse Pressure
Which of the following affects tissue perfusion?
Cardiac Output, Blood Pressure, Peripheral Resistance
Which portion of the brain has the cardiac and vasomotor centers?
Medulla Oblongata
Receptors sensitive to chemical stimuli are called what?
Chemoreceptors
The perception of pain coming from parts of the body that are not actually stimulated is called what?
Referred Pain
Which of the following monitor changes in pressure, such as in the carotid artery and aorta?
Baroreceptors
The chemoreceptors that monitor pH, oxygen levels, and carbon dioxide levels in the blood are located in the:
Carotid Bodies
The clear fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye and helps give it its shape is called?
Aqueous Humor
Which of the following photoreceptors provides color vision?
Cones
______ is caused by an elevation in the pressure inside the eye from a blockage of the scleral venous sinus.
Glaucoma
_________ is the body’s ability to resist infection and disease through the activation of specific defenses.
Immunity
Which type of lymphocyte directly attacks foreign cells or body cells infected by viruses?
T Cells
Which type of lymphocyte can differentiate into plasma cells, which produce and secrete antibodies?
B Cells
The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body is found where?
Spleen
_________ is the process of removing foreign particles from the lymph and the blood.
Phagocytosis
A reaction to antigen-antibody coupling in which macrophages and neutrophils are attracted, is referred to _________.
Chemotaxis
_______ is the process of NK cells constantly monitoring normal tissues.
Immunological Surveillance
________ are small proteins released by activated tissue cells infected with viruses.
Interferons
Which chemicals initiate the inflammatory process?
Histamine and Heparin
The _______ acts as the body’s “thermostat.”
Hypothalamus
Which proteins reset the hypothalamus and cause a rise in body temperature?
Pyrogens
Which of the following are small organs that are found along lymphatic vessels?
Lymph Nodes
________ Immunity appears after exposure to an antigen as a consequence of the immune response.
Naturally Acquired Active
When antibodies produced by a mother protect her baby against infections, it is called ______ immunity.
Naturally Acquired Passive
A(n) __________ process requires oxygen.
Aerobic
The right lung is divided into how many lobes?
3
The division of the trachea into the right and left primary bronchi occurs at the:
Carina
Which of the following is the presence of air in the pleural sac and breaks the fluid bond between the pleurae?
Pneumothorax
Which of the following is treated by a pleural decompression?
Tension pneumothorax
________ is the process that involves gas exchange and gas transport.
Respiration
What is the physical movement of air into the and out of the lungs called?
Ventilation
Which of the following is a type of obstructive lung disease?
Chronic Bronchitis, Emphysema, Asthma
________ levels are responsible for regulating respiratory activity under normal conditions.
Carbon Dioxide
_______ is the chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments.
Digestion
What are the waves of muscular contractions that move along the length of the digestive tract called?
Peristalsis
Which nerve controls the stomach and initiates the production of gastric juice?
Vagus
Which condition is caused by abdominal organs sliding into the thoracic cavity through the esophageal hiatus?
Hiatal Hernia
The ________ is the second segment of the small intestine and does the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption?
Jejunum
Which of the following portions of the small intestine is attached to the pylorus of the stomach?
Duodenum
The cystic duct leaves the liver and leads to the:
Gallbladder
Which of the following is a general function of the liver?
Bile production, Metabolic regulation, Hematological regulation
What is the most common cause of cirrhosis of the liver?
Chronic Alcohol Abuse
The human liver is composed of how many lobes?
4
What is a common cause of chronic viral hepatitis in the United States?
Hepatitis C
Carbohydrate digestion begins in which of the following parts of the digestive tract?
Mouth
The parietal cells secrete which of the following?
Hydrochloric Acid
The renal tubule is responsible for:
Reabsorbing useful organic molecules, secreting any waste products missed by the filtration process, reabsorbing water
Filtration membranes allow the passage of:
Water, Ions, and Glucose
In the proximal convoluted tubule, water moves out of the tubular fluid by what process?
Osmosis
The ascending limb of the loop of Henle actively transports:
All needed ions
The hormone erythropoietin and the enzyme renin are secreted in response to:
Hypotension
Which is a metabolic waste product of the breakdown of amino acids?
Urea
Which hormone, when at lower levels, decreases water permeability in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct?
ADH
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism is the body’s main mechanism for which of the following?
Increasing blood pressure
Which of the following is a major hormone involved in regulating kidney function?
Aldosterone, Angiotensin II, ADH
Atrial natriuretic peptide is released by _________ when blood volume and blood pressure are too high and opposes the actions of the renin-angiotensin system.
Atrial cardiac muscle cells
Kidney stones consisting of ________ are common?
Calcium Salts
The _________ and kidneys play key roles in maintaining the acid-base balance of body fluids.
Lungs
If extracellular fluids (ECF) become hypertonic, when compared to the intracellular fluid (ICF), water will move in which direction?
From the cells into the ECF
In response to circulating aldosterone, the kidneys ________ sodium ions.
Reabsorb
Severe acidosis can cause what effect on the body?
CNS deterioration, Peripheral vasodilation, Weak cardiac contractions
_______ occurs when alveolar ventilation is increased, resulting in excess elimination of CO2.
Respiratory Alkalosis
The _______ buffer system depends on the ability of amino acids to respond to changes in pH by accepting or releasing hydrogen ions.
Protein
Cells break down organic molecules to obtain energy usually in the form of:
ATP
The synthesis of new organic molecules that involves the formation of new chemical bonds is called ___________.
Anabolism
The liver stores ________ in case of depleted nutrients in the blood stream.
Triglycerides and Glycogen
After the catabolism of glucose, a typical cell has gained ______ molecules.
36 ATP
In glycolysis, glucose is broken down into what acid?
Pyruvic
What is a lack of oxygen that inhibits or stops the TCA cycle called?
Hypoxia
_________ is the synthesis of glucose from protein or lipid precursor molecules/non-carbohydrate molecules.
Gluconeogenesis
Glucose enters the cells via facilitated diffusion, which is largely enhanced by which of the following?
Insulin
This is a result of metabolism of certain organic bases in nucleic acids?
Uric Acid
Which type of diabetic patient requires insulin?
Type I
__________ is the result of conductive heat loss to the air that overlies the surface of an object.
Convection
Where are the heat-loss and heat-gain centers are located (the thermostat of the brain)?
Hypothalamus
Which of the following occurs during glycolysis?
One molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid
The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during:
The TCA Cycle
Parasympathetic innervation of the penile arteries that release ________ at their synaptic knobs causes the smooth muscle in the arterial walls to relax, resulting in erection.
Nitric Oxide
Sickle cell disease, spinal anesthesia, and drugs can cause a prolonged, usually painful, penile erection
Priapism
During fertilization, the embryo implants into which layer of the uterus?
Endometrium
After which day of development is the fetus considered “full term”?
266
The __________ is marked by the detachment of the functional layer of the endometrium.
Menstrual Phase
Which of the following is the most common cause of bleeding during the third trimester of pregnancy?
Placenta Previa
A zygote contains_____ chromosomes.
46
In an ectopic pregnancy the fertilized egg is implanted where?
Ovary, Abdomen, Fallopian Tube
Which of the following is a chemical that causes malformation of a fetus?
Teratogen
Rising oxytocin levels stimulate what?
Force and frequency of uterine contractions
The _______ stage of labor begins with the onset of labor, as the cervix dilates and the fetus begins to slide down the cervical canal
Dilation
By which week of pregnancy may the external reproductive organs be distinguished as either male or female?
12th
Fetuses born before _______ weeks have a poor chance of survival.
27
At which of the following of stages of labor is the “afterbirth” expelled?
Placental
The mammary gland cells produce _______, which is ingested by the breastfed newborn during the first two to three days of life.
Colostrum
Which of the following is not a risk factor for preeclampsia?
Hypercalcemia
