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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphatic System

A

cells and organs that deliver lymph to general circulation

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2
Q

Lymph

A

Moving fluid derived from the blood and tissue (interstitual) fluid

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3
Q

Four Main Lymphatic System function

A

1) return body fluids to blood stream (20L plasma filtered, 17 reabsorbed into capillaries and 3L returns as lymph
2) transports dietary lipids, large proteins, fat-soluble vitamin
3) transports cells of the immune system
4)contains lymph nodes which function as staging areas for developing immune response

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4
Q

Flow of Lymphatic System

A

1) excess IF fluid into lymphatic capillaries
2) fluid collected into larger vessels
3)travels through 500-600 nodes
4)fluid empty into bloodstream by lymphatic ducts at JUGULAR AND SUBCLAVIAN veins

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5
Q

Where do the lymphatic ducts drain fluid into the bloodstream?

A

Jugular and Subclavian veins

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6
Q

Difference between Lymph and and IF

A

higher protein in one and found in lymph vessels, the other is lower in protein and fill spaces between cells

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7
Q

Similarity of Lymph and IF

A

watery clear ECF which resembles blood plasma

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8
Q

Which two networks lie side by side but remain independent of each other?

A

lymphatic and blood capillary networks

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9
Q

What are main lymphatic trunks?

A

right lymphatic duct or thoracic

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10
Q

What happens to lymphatic fluid before it’s returned to the heart?

A

it is returned to the systemic blood

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11
Q

Is the overall drainage system symmetrical or asymmetrical?

A

Asymmetrical - lymph from upper right quadrant empty into right lymphatic duct and then RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN VEIN

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12
Q

Where does the lymph from the rest of the body drain?

A

into thoracic duct empty into the left subclavian vein

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13
Q

What is Lymphokinesis

A

movement of lymph towards heart with help of valve and two pumps

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14
Q

What is the pressure in the lymphatic system?

A

very low, as lymph moves quite lovely

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15
Q

What supports the movement of lymph towards the heart?

A

A system a valves similar to veins

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16
Q

What factors affect lymph return rates?

A

-physical activity
-changes in IF pressure
-rate and depth of respiration
-arterial pulsation and postural changes
-passive compression (massage) of soft tissues

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17
Q

How does the respiratory pump work during inspiration?

A

diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing volume of thorax and decreasing pressure. Lymph pulled towards heart

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18
Q

How does the respiratory pump work during expiration?

A

relaxed diaphragm, moves upward, decreasing volume of thorax and increasing pressure, PUSHING lymph into heart

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19
Q

How does the skeletal pump work?

A

skeletal muscle contractions creating local area of high BP and opens valve to allow lymph to flow toward heart.

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20
Q

What happens when pressure below the valve drops in the skeletal muscle pump?

A

the backward-flowing lymph fills in “pockets” made by the valve flaps, that pushes the flaps together and prevents backflow

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21
Q

What are lymphocytes

A

t cell, b cell, plasma cells, and NKC

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22
Q

What are lymphoid organs

A

location of maturation, proliferation, and selection of lymphocytes

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23
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

red bone marrow and thymus gland

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24
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

red bone marrow and thymus gland

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25
Q

Which cells develop in red bone marrow?(lymph system)

A

B cells

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26
Q

Which cells mature in the thymus gland (lymph system)?

A

T cells

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27
Q

What is the function of secondary lymph organs?

A

locations where lymphocytes mount immune response from

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28
Q

What are the secondary lymph organs?

A

lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils

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29
Q

What is the thymus?

A

primary lymphoid organ between sternum and aorta

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30
Q

What type of tissue holds the thymus lobes together?

A

Connective tissue

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31
Q

What divides the thymus into lobules?

A

the trabecular which separate lobes and form capsule

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32
Q

What are the two regions of the thymus?

A

inner and outer

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33
Q

What is the inner region of the thymus?

A

Inner medulla: point of departure for thymocytes

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34
Q

What is the outer region of the thymus?

A

Outer cortex: where thymocytes and phagocytes located

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35
Q

Tonsils (secondary lymph organs)

A

develop immunity to common environmental pathogens that are eaten or inhaled. Eliminate pathogens that enter through the respiratory or digestive tract with lymphoid follicles.

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36
Q

Lymph Nodes (secondary lymphoid organ)

A

mechanical and biological filtration of debris and pathogen from the lymph.

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37
Q

What are afferent lymphatic vessels?

A

major route into the lymph node

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38
Q

what Efferent lymphatic vessel?

A

major routes out of the lymph node

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39
Q

What lines the sinuses between afferent and efferent vessels?

A

dendritic cells and fixed macrophages

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40
Q

What are germinal centers in Lymph Nodes for?

A

sites of rapidly dividing B lymphocytes

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41
Q

What is a lymphoid follicle

A

contain germinal centers, specific b cell-rich and t cell-rich area

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42
Q

Spleen (secondary lymphoid organ)

A

dark red, fragile organ.

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43
Q

Purpose of the spleen?

A

filter blood and a reservoir for blood

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44
Q

What is white pulp?

A

surrounds the central arteriole, where T AND B cell’s response mounted. Also contains germinal centers.

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45
Q

What is red pulp?

A

network of fine reticular fiber. The filtration system of the blood. Contains fixed macrophages and dendritic cells that removed things from blood.

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46
Q

Mucosal Immune Response

A

Major barriers to pathogen entering body

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47
Q

What is Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue?

A

MALT, found in g-tract, breast tissue, lungs, eyes, with Peyer’s patches in small intestine

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48
Q

What is Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue?

A

BALT: in bronchi, between bronchi and arteries, works with tonsils

49
Q

What are neutralizing bodies?

A

basis for vaccines, for example flu vaccine enhances IgA production

50
Q

What are end arteries?

A

arteries that diverge into capillaries

51
Q

What is arterial anastomosis?

A

arteries open into other branches of same of other arteries

52
Q

What are components of the Aorta?

A

Aorta, ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta, thoracic aorta, the abdominal aorta.

53
Q

What is the aortic hiatus

A

opening in the diaphragm that allows aorta to pass through

54
Q

What part of the aorta is superior to aortic hiatus?

A

thoracic aorta

55
Q

Circle of Willis

A

1) Anterior cerebral artery: Supplies blood to frontal lobe of cerebrum
2) Middle cerebral artery: Supplies blood to temporal and parietal lobes: most common sites of CVAs
3) Ophthalmic artery: Supplies blood to the eyes
4) Anterior communicating artery: anastomosis formed from right and left anterior cerebral arteries
5) Posterior communicating artery: posterior portion which branches from the posterior cerebral artery
6) Basilar artery: anastomosis formed from two vertebral arteries and sends branches to cerebellum and brain stem

56
Q

What are parts of systemic veins?

A

Vena cavae and it’s branches

57
Q

What are large veins of the cranial cavity called?

A

dural sinuses

58
Q

Venous blood from waist up drain into what?

A

superior vena cava

59
Q

Which organ is excluded from draining venous blood into the superior vena cava from waist-up?

A

lung

60
Q

Where does venous blood from lower extremities drain to?

A

inferior vena cava

61
Q

What is normal circulation?

A

Blood flows from each ventricle into parallel circuits where it goes through a single capillary tissue bed before being returned to the heart

62
Q

What is a portal system?

A

blood travels from one capillary bed to another without returning to heart

63
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

A

blood from superior hypophyseal artery delivers hypothalamic hormones directly into anterior pituitary without going through heart

64
Q

What is Hepatic Portal system?

A

venous blood from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, gall bladder, and intestine travel through this portal system to the liver where it mixes with arterial blood and is eventually drained to inferior vena cava

65
Q

Fetal Circulation

A

1) placenta: site of gas, nutrient, waste, exchange between maternal and fetal blood
2) umbilical arteries: deliver deoxygenated fetal blood from the fetus to the placenta
3) Umbilical vein: delivers oxygenated fetal blood from the placenta to the fetus. Blood travels from fetal liver.

66
Q

Ductus venous

A

extension of umbilical vein which drains into inferior vena cava, allowing most blood to bypass liver in fetus

67
Q

foramen ovale

A

opening in septum. diverts most of blood in pulmonary circuit to Systemic circuit in fetus

68
Q

Duct arteriosus

A

connects pulmonary trunk with aortic arch, also diverts most blood in pulmonary circuit to systemic circuit in fetus

69
Q

Changes in Circulation at birth

A

Changes that occur shortly after birth
Placenta is expelled as “afterbirth” along with part of the umbilical vessels
Umbilical vein becomes the round ligament of liver
Umbilical arteries become the umbilical ligaments
Foramen ovale becomes the fossa ovalis
Ductus venosus becomes the ligamentum venosum of the liver
Ductus arteriosus becomes the ligamentum arteriosum

***the pulmonary vessels stop being constricted. so systematic circulation rises above the pulmonary circulation pressure

70
Q

SV

A

stroke volume (blood pumped on each contraction)

71
Q

CO

A

cardiac output (amount of blood pumped by each ventricle)

72
Q

EDV : end-diastolic volume

A

blood in ventricle at START of ventricular contraction

73
Q

ESV : end-systolic volume

A

blood in the ventricle at END of ventricular contraction

74
Q

EF - ejection fraction

A

percentage of blood ejected from the heart in each contraction

75
Q

Cardiac reserve

A

difference between maximum and resting CO, residual capacity of heart to plump blood

76
Q

Variable Determining Stroke Volume

A
  1. Preload: stretch on the ventricles prior to contraction, proportional to EDV. dependent on filling time (duration of ventricular diastole when ventricular filling occurs) and is reduced with increased HR
  2. Contractility: force or strength of the contraction, proportional to SV and inversely proportional to ESV
  3. Afterload: force generated by the ventricles to pump blood against resistance in blood vessels, proportional to blood pressure in blood vessels
77
Q

Positive inotropic factors

A

increase contractility (i.e NE)

78
Q

Negative inotropic factors

A

decrease contractility (i.e ACh)

79
Q

Factors Affecting Cardiac Output

A

Stroke Volume: venous return, filling time, hormones
Heart Rate: atrial reflex, hormone

80
Q

Baroreceptors

A

stretch receptors which monitor volume of blood in blood vessels

81
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Monitor CO2, H (pH), O2

82
Q

Proprioreceptors

A

level of physical activity. Skeletal muscle, joint capsule, tendons

83
Q

Limbic System

A

monitor emotional state, really stress/anxiety/excitement

84
Q

Cardiac Plexus

A

where nerves travel to the SA and AV nodes
**SA and AV nodes work to contract upper and lower heart

85
Q

Cardioaccelerator region

A

-stimulate HR
-Sympathetic stimulation through ganglia
-Increases ventricular contraction

86
Q

Cardioinhibitory Centre

A
  • decrease heart rate
  • Parasympathetic stimulation through the vagus nerve
  • most innervation (the network of nerves that are responsible for the functioning of the heart) travel to Atria
87
Q

PNS releases ACh

A

K leaves cell, slower repolarization, HR slows down

88
Q

SNS releases NE

A

Na and Ca enter cell, faster repolarization, HR speeds up

89
Q

Vasomotor Control Mechanism

A

reflex mechanism to main BP and blood distrubution. It contracts and relaxed SMOOTH MUSCLE

90
Q

Types of Vasomotor Control Mechanism

A

1) Medullary ischemic reflex: triggered by decreased blood flow to the medulla
2) Vasomotor chemoeceptor reflexes: triggered by hypercapnia & hypoxia
3) Vasomotor baroreceptor reflexes: triggered by changes in blood pressure

91
Q

baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflex

A

decrease in CO -> HR/SV/CO + vasocontractions increase -> high BP and blood flow

increase in CO and BP -> HR/SV/CO decrease + vasodilation increase -> BP and blood flow decrease

92
Q

BLOOD LOSS -> LOW BP and BLOOD VOLUME

A

Endocrine mechanism: ADH, RASS, EPO activate

Neural Mechanisms, SNS: cardiovascular centers activated

**both work to increase BP

93
Q

Functional Division of Respiratory Tract

A

Conducting zone and Respiratory Zone

94
Q

Conducting Zone (functional division)

A

route for incoming and outgoing air, removes debris and pathogens from incoming air. Oxygen structures NOT directly involved in gas exchange.

95
Q

Respiratory Zone (functional division)

A

area for gas exchange. Called bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveoli, pulmonary capillaries.

96
Q

Anatomical divisions of Resp Tract

A

Upper, Lower, and Accessory Structures

97
Q

Upper respiratory tract (anatom. div)

A

nose, all three larynx spots. Outside thorax

98
Q

Lower resp tract. Inside thorax.

A

trachea, bronchi, lungs

99
Q

Accessory Structures

A

oral cavity, rib cage, respiratory muscle.

100
Q

The Nose

A

External nose: surface and skeletal structures giving outward appearance of the nose and contribute to its numerous functions

Internal nose (nasal cavity) is divided by the septum into left and right sides, each with 3 meatuses and 3 conchae (inferior, middle, superior): Connects to pharynx, nasolacrimal ducts, and paranasal sinuses

Meatuses and conchae
- lined with mucous membrane
- increase surface area
- disrupt air flow as it enters the nose: air bounces along the epithelium, where it is cleaned and warmed.
- conserve water and prevent dehydration: traps water during exhalation

101
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the respiratory epithelium in the nasopharynx, trachea, bronchial ->*changes to simple columnar closer to smaller levels

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

102
Q

Bronchi Tree Structure

A

23 levels of branching which starts of the division of the trachea into right and left primary bronchi at the carina, a raised structure with specialized nervous tissue that induces violent coughing if a foreign body, such as food, is present.
As the bronchi becomes smaller and more numerous, the proportion of cartilage decreases while that of the smooth muscle increases. Cartilage rings 🡪 cartilage plates 🡪 elastic fibers
Smooth muscle can contract and relax to cause bronchoconstriction or bronchodilation to adjust air flow.
Primary bronchi → secondary bronchi → tertiary bronchi → bronchiole → → → terminal bronchioles (1000/lung) → respiratory bronchioles → alveolar ducts and alveoli (location of gas exchange)

103
Q

Type 1 Alveolar cell

A

most numerous, highly permeable to gases

104
Q

Type 2 Alveolar Cell

A

produces surfactant fluid composed of phospholipids and proteins that reduces surface tension

105
Q

What is surfactant produced by?

A

Type 2 alveolar cells

106
Q

About Surfactant

A

-Properties of surfactant: reduces the cohesiveness of water

-How surfactant works: Surfactant coats the inner surface of alveoli to reduce surface tension of alveolar fluid: prevents alveoli from collapsing

  • Surfactant helps to increase compliance of the lungs as it affects how easily the alveoli can expand
107
Q

Pleura of Lungs

A

Visceral, Parietal, Pleural, Pleural Fluid

108
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

inner layer covering lungs extending into AND lines lung fissuers

109
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

outer layer, lines entire thoracic cavity

110
Q

Pleural Cavity

A

space between visceral and parietal layers

111
Q

Pleural Fluid

A

released by mesothelial cells from both pleural layers to lubricate surfaces. Prevent trauma while breathing. The tension that maintains lung positions, this in turn causes the expansion of the thoracic cage

112
Q

Bronchoconstriction

A

parasympathetic system

113
Q

Bronchodilation

A

sympathetic system

114
Q

Reflexes (coughing, o2/co2 level regulation)

A

autonomic nervous system

115
Q

What does the Pulmonary artery do?

A

carry deoxygenated blood from RV to alveoli

116
Q

what do the Pulmonary capillaries do?

A

The O2 enters blood and C02 leaves the blood to alveoli air

117
Q

Pulmonary Vein

A

carries oxygenated blood from alveoli to LA

118
Q

Interlobular Septum in Lungs

A

separates lobules from one another

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (1 decks)

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