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exam Flashcards

1
Q

6 Basic Life Processes

A

Metabolism

Responsiveness

Movement

Growth

Differentiation

Reproduction

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2
Q

It is the sum of all
chemical
processes that
occur in the body.

A

METABOLISM

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3
Q

building phase

A

Anabolism=

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4
Q

breaking down phase

A

Catabolism=

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5
Q

It is the body’s
ability to detect and
respond to
changes.

A

RESPONSIVENESS

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6
Q

includes
motion of the whole
body, individual
organs, single
cells, and even tiny
structures inside
cells.

A

Movement

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7
Q

It is an increase in body
size that results from an
increase in the size of
existing cells, an increase
in the number of cells, or
both.

A

GROWTH

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8
Q

It is the
development of a
cell from an
unspecialized to a
specialized state.

A

DIFFERENTIATION

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9
Q

It refers either to
(1) the formation of
new cells for tissue
growth, repair, or
replacement, or (2)
the production of a
new individual.

A

REPRODUCTION

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10
Q

2 types of reproduction

A

sexual and asexual

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11
Q

3 tyoes of asexual reproduction

A

Budding – outgrowth from the parent
cell; ex: yeast and hydra

Binary Fission – splitting into two; ex:
bacteria

Regeneration – growth of parts; sea
star, lizard

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12
Q

2 varieties of cells

A

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

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13
Q

have no “true” nucleus
or other internal membranes (like
bacteria)

A

Prokaryotic cells

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14
Q

have a nucleus and are
more complex cells

A

Eukaryotic cells

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15
Q

provide information to direct
the cell

A

Genes

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16
Q

small specialized structures
that perform specific functions

A

Organelles,

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17
Q

encloses the
fluid cytoplasm and organelles from the
outside world

A

Plasma membrane

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18
Q

It is the maintenance of relatively stable
conditions in the body’s internal
environment.

A

HOMEOSTASIS

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19
Q

is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition
is monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored,
reevaluated, and so on.

A

feedback system or, feedback loop,

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20
Q

Three basic muscle types

A

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

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21
Q

Function of Muscles

A

Produce movement

Maintain posture

Stabilize joints

Generate heat

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22
Q

layer of fibrous tissue
that separates muscles from
each other and from the skin

A

Fascia

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23
Q

covers the entire skeletal
muscle

A

Epimysium

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24
Q

surrounds a bundle of
muscle fibers (fascicle)

A

Perimysium

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25
Q

surrounds a single
muscle fiber (cell)

A

Endomysium

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26
Q

– specialized
plasma membrane
surrounding skeletal muscle
fiber.

A

Sarcolemma

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27
Q

specialized smooth
endoplasmic reticulum
which regulate Ca2+
homeostasis in the context
of muscle contraction.

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum –

28
Q

long contractile fibres, groups
of which run parallel to each
other on the long axis of the
myocytes

A

Myofibril

29
Q

Contractile unit of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcomere

30
Q

Muscles are attached to at
least two points

A

Insertion and Origin

31
Q

attachment to a
moveable bone

A

Insertion –

32
Q

– attachment to an
immovable bone

A

Origin

33
Q

Types of Ordinary Body Movements

A

Flexion
Extension
Rotation-
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction

34
Q

decreases
angle of joint and
brings two bones closer
together

A

Flexion

35
Q

increases
angle of joint

A

Extension-

36
Q

movement of a bone in
longitudinal axis, shaking head
“no”

A

Rotation-

37
Q

– moving away from
the midline

A

Abduction

38
Q
  • moving toward the
    midline
A

Adduction

39
Q
  • cone-shaped
    movement, proximal end doesn’t
    move, while distal end moves in a
    circle.
A

Circumduction

40
Q

Naming of Skeletal Muscles

A

Direction of muscle fibers

Example: rectus (straight), orbicularis (circular)

Relative size of the muscle

Example: maximus (largest), minimus (smallest), longus
(long), brevis (short)

Location of the muscle

Example: pectoralis (chest), external (outside), frontalis
(frontal)

Number of origins

Example: triceps (three heads)

41
Q

2 basic types of bones

A

compact and spongy bones

42
Q

is also called cancellous
or trabecular bone. It is found in the long
bones and it is surrounded by compact
bone.

A

Spongy bone

43
Q

, also called cortical bone,
surrounds spongy bone. They are heavy,
tough and compact in nature

A

Compact bone

44
Q

It also called the Haversian
system?

It is a long tube that runs
parallel to the axis of bone.

A

OSTEON

45
Q

It is a series of
microscopic tubes in the
outermost region of
bone called cortical
bone present in each
osteon. (allow blood
vessels and nerves to
travel through them to
supply the osteocytes.)

A

HAVERSIAN
CANAL

46
Q

It is any of the small
channels in bone that
transmit blood vessels
from the periosteum into
the bone and that lie
perpendicular to and
communicate with the
haversian canals.

A

VOLKMANN’S
CANAL

47
Q

These are the
concentric circles
around the
Haversian canal.

A

LAMELLAE

48
Q

These are small
spindle-shaped
spaces in the
lamellae which
provide an area for
bone cells or
osteocytes.

A

LACUNAE

49
Q

It helps the bone
cells to receive food
and oxygen and also
to eliminate waste
materials. (“tiny
canals”)

A

CANALICULI

50
Q

4 classification of bones

A

long (arms)
flat (sternum)
irregular (pelvis)
short (wrist)

51
Q

It is the end of the long bone
that joins with the adjacent end
of another bone(s) at joints.

A

EPIPHYSIS

52
Q

is the tubular shaft that runs
between the proximal
and distal ends of the
bone.

A

The diaphysis

53
Q

It also known as
osteoprogenitor­ cells, these
mitotically active stem cells are
found in the periosteum and
endosteum.

A

OSTEOGENIC CELL

54
Q

It is a cell that forms new bone
tissue by secreting a matrix made
of collagen (the protein found in
bone) and calcium-binding
proteins.

A

OSTEOBLAST

55
Q

It is a mature bone cell that is
found in the spaces of the bone
matrix (which is an intercellular
substance made of
hydroxyapatite, calcium
carbonate salts, and collagen).

A

OSTEOCYCTE

56
Q

It is a cell that destroys existing bone,
making room for the deposition of new
bone cells. Osteoclasts are derived
from the same originators
as macrophages, the white blood cells
that destroy invaders to the
bloodstream.

A

OSTEOCLAST

57
Q

is a process in which
calcium builds up in body tissue,
causing the tissue to harden.

A

CALCIFICATION

58
Q

is the
process of bone development from
fibrous membranes.

A

Intramembranous ossification

59
Q

bone
replaces existing cartilage. Then bone
growth occurs through interstitial
growth (in length) and appositional
growth (in width).

A

endochondral ossification,

60
Q

~ bones of the cranium,
face, vertebral column, and bony thorax.

A

Axial skeleton

61
Q

~ includes the
bones of the pelvic girdles, the upper
extremities and lower extremities.

A

Appendicular skeleton

62
Q

8 cranial bones

A

frontal
occipital
temporal
parietal
sphenoid
ethmoid

63
Q

~ the lower jaw bone

A

Mandible

64
Q

(2) ~ Upper jaw

A

Maxilla

65
Q

(2) ~ the
cheekbones

A

Zygomatic Bones

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