Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Articulation
A
Putting ideas to be clear and concise
2
Q
Argument
A
Supporting your ideas with reason, principles and observation
3
Q
Analysis
A
Understanding an idea by distinguishing and clear components
4
Q
Gathering different
A
ideas into a unified vision
5
Q
Priori
A
Something that can be known without experience or data
6
Q
Posteriori
A
It can only be known with a sense of experience
7
Q
Topoi
A
Places in the mind, the greek method of questioning
8
Q
Major Knags Goal was to…
A
teach Hilde philosophy
9
Q
Who phrased the term categorical imperative?
A
Immanuel Knat
10
Q
Cogito Ergo Sum started with the idea of…
A
A malicious genius ruling our lives
11
Q
Sophie’s den can be equated to?
A
Plato’s cave
12
Q
Nik said he’s buy a bike when he saved the money. He brought a bike, he must have saved money
A
Abductive
13
Q
What is the most ingenious toy in the world
A
Lego
14
Q
Kohlberg says that people…
A
Grow to make choices because it is the right thing to do
15
Q
Use a mapping program to find your way to the mall
A
Not an argument
16
Q
Who said, “knowledge is power”?
A
Francis Bacon
17
Q
Inductive reasoning is…
A
specific to general
18
Q
Epistemology is…
A
The study of knowledge
19
Q
Which is one of a buzzword
A
Love, Knowledge and Freedom
20
Q
Deductive reasoning is…
A
General to specific conclusions
21
Q
Life is essentially meaningless…
A
Nihilism
22
Q
Metaphysics is the study of…
A
Nature of reality
23
Q
Skole means
A
Knowledge gained for it’s own sake
24
Q
Which is not a logical fallcy
A
Induction by confirmation
25
What did Plato say was too unreliable to rely on for knowledge
Perception
26
Existential angst can happen...
at any phase of life
27
Carpe Diem! But remember
Memento Mori
28
The imbalance between actions and belief is...
Cognitive dissonance
29
The argument from design is sometimes supported by the concept of...
Phi
30
Who does Plato think is the ideal ruler?
Philosophers kings
31
Please always keep your
Faculty of wonder
32
Ayn Rand (altruism)
is when we act to promote someone else's welfare, even at a risk or cost to ourselves.
33
Aristotle?
First thinker to study reason
34
The Organon
The formal law's of reason
35
Syllogism
Logic formula that consists of premise and conclusion
36
Premise
A factual statement or proposition
37
Inference
The mental process that occurs when we move from premise to conclusion
38
Who are Rationalists?
Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz
39
Who are the Empiricist
Locke, Berkeley, Hume
40
David Hume
You can never be sure that something will always happen
41
Inductive Generalization
used to observe situational patterns
42
Statistical Induction
Predicts something that will happen based on probability
43
Induction by confirmation
Common form of scientific reasoning (hypothesis)
44
Fallacy
Error in reasoning or flawed argument
45
Hasty generalizations
coming to a conclusion without enough evidence
46
Bandwagon
Everyone else is doing it. Why shouldn't I?
47
Loose hasty generalizations
conclusions about others based on stereotype
48
Ad Hominem
An attack based on personal trait not the idea (trump)
49
Trivial Objections
Can be similar to Ad Hominem as it doesn't focus on the issue at hand
50
Appeal to emotion
The use of emotion to sway your perception
51
False appeal to authority
Using authority to support your argument even though it may not be relevant
52
Circular Reasoning
an argument is being supported by premises then the argument so it goes around full circle with no information actually being shared
53
What is metaphysics?
concepts of being, knowing, substance, cause, identity, time and space
54
Idealism
Material objects are ideas that god placed in humans, god controls us
55
Monism
All things are manifestations or expressions of something material, mental or divine
56
Materialism
including mental states and consciousness, are results of material interactions.
57
Dualism
Reality comes from mind and matter
58
Ontological Argument
You cannot see, taste, smell, hear or touch a supreme being. How can we prove that it exists?
59
Who thinks logical reasoning can prove that there is a supreme being
Ibn Sina, Saint Anselm, Descartes and Spinoza
60
Cosmological Argument
Everything in nature relies on something for its existence. "nothing can come from nothing"
61
Argument from Design
Everything is ordered, everything in nature has a receptive pattern
62
Pascal's Wager
Yes there is a god, a balance of science and philosophy
63
Atheists
No god but there is no punishment and no reward
64
Existential Dread
Linked to nihilism because of lack of questions regarding a meaningful lifew
65
Existential Crisis
Reflecting on moral, aspirations and relationships as well as pondering the meaning of life
66
Free will
The ability to make your own choices
67
Determinism
Having no control over your actions themself
68
Determinism (external)
cause of behaviour that is outside the individual
69
Determinism (internal)
the cause of behaviour is within the individuals genetics
70
Enlightenment
higher understanding of life and how to remove negative parts of life
71
Existentialism
One's existence, freedom or choices. People define their own meaning in life and make choices based on defined purpose.
72
Nihilism
The individual does not have value or meaning in life, so no purpose
73
Plato's Meno
is wondering whether or not virtue can be taught and what it is actually
74
Socrates hypothesizes that...
Virtue is knowledge
75
Skepticism
Questioning how reliable our knowledge actually is
76
The cartesian dualism
How does spirt, isolated from the external world, perceive objects?
77
Why do we study epistemology
Ideas that improve ourselves in a meaningful or constructive way
78
Kantian
The physical world exists and people can experience it through the senses
79
Phenomenology
there is value in the things we experience
80
Purpose of education
Education demands the utilization of the inner powers of the child for his own instruction
81
Character of education
Humans learn how to interact with society, usually through core virtues such as courage, justice and wisdom
82
Moral Dilemmas
experiments that have you pick what you think is morally correct, with no right answers
83
The best way to live
(Aristotle) Being a good person and knowing right from wrong and training will have you behave in appropriate ways
84
Virtues
Good traits to possess. Where do you think people learn to behave in appropriate ways?
85
Deontology
"rules bind you to do your duty". The focus on the rightness or wrongness of actions themselves.
86
Kantian Ethics
rightness or wrongness doesn't depend on consequences but they fulfill our duty
87
The Categorical Imperative
Kant defines as moral laws all people must follow
88
Utilitarianism
determines right from wrong by focusing on outcomes
89
Kongfuzi
lead people by laws and regulate them by penalties
90
Modus Vivendi
we can live our own life but it's about the ways we interact with one another
91
Egoistic Relativism
"I do what is right for me", but that can impact others in our socitey
92
Social Relativism
"We do what is right for us" each community agrees on a moral standard
93
Metaethical Relativism
'I don't think we can come to an agreement", thinking about how to behave
94
what does Sophie take from the major's cabin
An envelope with her name on it
95
What does Plato believe to be the most reliable form of knowledge?
Your reason
96
What did joanna and sophies mother think is at the root of Sophie's strange behaviour?
Sophie is in love
97
The concept that the world is governed by "universal rightness is the concept of?
Natural law
98
An Epicurean is a devoted follower of?
Seeking the highest possible sensory pleasures
99
What frightens Joanna and Sophies when they visit the Major's Cabin?
The girls find postcards foretelling a meeting between the girls and Hilde
100
In The 13th century, St Thomas Aquinas was known for
conscience makes us do right from wrong, natural reason proves gods existence, Christianizing the works of Aristotle
101
Where does Sophie think she first meets Hilde?
In a dream
102
The Renaissance brought about the ideals of Humanism which means?
A belief in the value and worth of people
103
What does Sophie find that makes her think she is being watched?
Bus fare when she needed it
104
At what point does Hilde think her father has "gone too far"
When he compared himself to god and provdience
105
Alberto said Sophie had unusual talents when she was able to.
Make her presence physically known to Hilde
106
What characteristics are representative of romanticism?
Devotion to nature, a world soul and belief in artistic genius
107
Where does Sophie finally meet Hilde
On the dock at Bjerkely
108
How does Karl Marx describe the plight of the proletariat?
They are alienated from the means of production
109
What did Sartre mean when he said existentialism is humanism
The being of a human isn't the same as things, humans are the only creature that is aware of their own existence, and humans must construct meaning to their lives
110
How did Sophie's mother, Helene, respond to Sophie and Alberto leaving the garden party
With pride
111
How does Major Knag feel about his life being controlled?
Violation of human rights, surprised with how planned and Hilde had to be somewhere
112
During the Enlightenment, people felt that poverty and oppression were the result of
Ignorance and supersistion
113
Which philosopher believed that time and space were modes of human perception
Immanuel Kant
114
What does Freud believe sets the stage for a lifelong battle between guilt and desire?
sex
115
Who did Major Knag use as a character to introduce the topic of Darwin in the novel?
Noah
116
What does Albert Knox mean when he references the Archimedean Point?
A firm point from which to move the earth
117
What international event spawned a growing interest in existentialism?
World War II (1939-1945)
118
Who stated that the concept of a perfect entity could only have originated from such an entity rather than an imperfect entity such as a human being
Rene Descartes
119
Look for signs of Sophie's innocence. Note them. What is the author's purpose in this regard?
She's curious and gets excited easily. The authors intend to show that the younger we are, the more open-minded we are.
120
Consider the symbolic significance of the woods
A path where the person typically runs down after they have given Sophie a letter, she has tried to catch them
121
Consider the symbolic significance of the menagerie
Was the house they named which was lived in when the mother was in a bad mood.
122
Consider the symbolic significance of the den
ongoing questions and where she would hide the letters
123
Consider the symbolic significance of the garden
she would love to hide, was a world of its own. Similar to the garden of Eden, this safe place with knowledge.
124
How do you like the Top Hat analogy? Do you subscribe to it?
Going out off your comfort zone is important, being on the tip of the rabbits fur allows for curiosity
125
Find the bit where Thomas's father may or may not fly about the kitchen.
The mom freaked out because people don't fly but it didn't startle the baby because the world is new to him
126
What do Joanna and Sophie's mother suggest is "wrong with Sophie? Why does Gaarder include these things?
They are stuck in the cave and can't see behind what's obvious. Sophie is looking at these big ideas that require this open mind
127
Compare mythology with philosophy. What characterizes the gods of Norse, Ethiopian, and Thracian mythology? What did the earliest Greek Philopshers try to do
they tried to prove these explanations were not trusted, to find natural explanations rather than supernatural
128
What role does religion play in the lives of thinkers of the middle ages
Christians believe that god rules from high and everyone tends to believe in god and that god has power over the world
129
How should people negotiate the concepts of pleasure? Is seeking pleasure good or evil? what are good and evil anyway?
What mortally feels right, a gut feeling, society imposes certain ideas of the gods telling us so, we believe things because we are human
130
How does the scientific method impact philosophy?
Whether or not something is deemed as true or false if they exist. The scientific method is an observant thing that has been questioned. Use this in a way to back up what they are saying.
131
Who is Hilde?
A girl who is just like Sophie but the real vision, her father writes her a book to teach her philosophy
132
How do we characterize existence?
We do not piece tangible objects, we jump to conclusions to assume as we perceive them
133
Think about Descartes work
he concluded that god exists, ration thinker, we can say something is true if we haven't perceived it
134
Think about Berleky's work
All knowledge of the world is from what the sense tells us, we cannot know any more of the world than what we perceive through our senses
135
Philosophy, religion and science... can they co-exist?
Philosophy has us question things, Science has us conduct experiments and religion has us believe in something to drive our sense of focus. You need all of them to challenge one another
136
Existentialism! How does Sophie feel about her discovery? How does Hilde feel about her father's actions? Be sure to have a good understanding of Sartre's Ideas.
Her existence depends on how she defines a meaningful life, she needs to figure out how to end the story if she wants to be more than a character in a book
137
How does Hilde prepare for her father's homecoming? what is her intention in such an elaborate scheme?
Hilde can relate to Sophie and finds that her father is treating them right, so she wanted to shift plans of what will happen next.
138
Why is the segment on Sophie's aunt and her work at the factory relevant to existentialism?
people into a machine with no sense of pride and ownership, the purpose of being satisfied with a finished product is taken away from us
139
Why is the pursuit of knowledge sometimes seen as a "fall from grace" (adam and eve)
Eve bits into the apple of knowledge as told not too. Is Sophie better off knowing the truth of was she better off closing the book?
140
How do we characterize the romantic era
The aesthetic way of thinking not just from reason but how you feel, forming a sense of meaning
141
What the heck is a gadfly?
Through education, we are able to board information that we already know. Ask questions to sting you into awareness and wake up.
142
Epicurus
All things are to be done for the sake of pleasant feelings associated with them
143
Jeremy Bentham
Defined happiness, the sum of pleasures and pains
144
Seneca
We make our life short, you live long if you know how to use it
145
Marcus Aurelius
thoughts determine the quality of your mind
146
Immanuel Kant
The highest good should be enjoyable and meaningful
147
Jean-paul Sartre
meaningful life comes within ourselves but things may challenge that
148
Albert Camus
We should live life to the fullest regardless of how much time we have
149
Arthur Schopenhauer
The meaning of life is to deny it, obey god and his power
150
Who is Hermes?
Alberto's dog who works as a messager
