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Philosophy > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Articulation

A

Putting ideas to be clear and concise

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2
Q

Argument

A

Supporting your ideas with reason, principles and observation

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3
Q

Analysis

A

Understanding an idea by distinguishing and clear components

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4
Q

Gathering different

A

ideas into a unified vision

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5
Q

Priori

A

Something that can be known without experience or data

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6
Q

Posteriori

A

It can only be known with a sense of experience

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7
Q

Topoi

A

Places in the mind, the greek method of questioning

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8
Q

Major Knags Goal was to…

A

teach Hilde philosophy

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9
Q

Who phrased the term categorical imperative?

A

Immanuel Knat

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10
Q

Cogito Ergo Sum started with the idea of…

A

A malicious genius ruling our lives

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11
Q

Sophie’s den can be equated to?

A

Plato’s cave

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12
Q

Nik said he’s buy a bike when he saved the money. He brought a bike, he must have saved money

A

Abductive

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13
Q

What is the most ingenious toy in the world

A

Lego

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14
Q

Kohlberg says that people…

A

Grow to make choices because it is the right thing to do

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15
Q

Use a mapping program to find your way to the mall

A

Not an argument

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16
Q

Who said, “knowledge is power”?

A

Francis Bacon

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17
Q

Inductive reasoning is…

A

specific to general

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18
Q

Epistemology is…

A

The study of knowledge

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19
Q

Which is one of a buzzword

A

Love, Knowledge and Freedom

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20
Q

Deductive reasoning is…

A

General to specific conclusions

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21
Q

Life is essentially meaningless…

A

Nihilism

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22
Q

Metaphysics is the study of…

A

Nature of reality

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23
Q

Skole means

A

Knowledge gained for it’s own sake

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24
Q

Which is not a logical fallcy

A

Induction by confirmation

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25
Q

What did Plato say was too unreliable to rely on for knowledge

A

Perception

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26
Q

Existential angst can happen…

A

at any phase of life

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27
Q

Carpe Diem! But remember

A

Memento Mori

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28
Q

The imbalance between actions and belief is…

A

Cognitive dissonance

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29
Q

The argument from design is sometimes supported by the concept of…

A

Phi

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30
Q

Who does Plato think is the ideal ruler?

A

Philosophers kings

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31
Q

Please always keep your

A

Faculty of wonder

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32
Q

Ayn Rand (altruism)

A

is when we act to promote someone else’s welfare, even at a risk or cost to ourselves.

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33
Q

Aristotle?

A

First thinker to study reason

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34
Q

The Organon

A

The formal law’s of reason

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35
Q

Syllogism

A

Logic formula that consists of premise and conclusion

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36
Q

Premise

A

A factual statement or proposition

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37
Q

Inference

A

The mental process that occurs when we move from premise to conclusion

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38
Q

Who are Rationalists?

A

Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz

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39
Q

Who are the Empiricist

A

Locke, Berkeley, Hume

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40
Q

David Hume

A

You can never be sure that something will always happen

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41
Q

Inductive Generalization

A

used to observe situational patterns

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42
Q

Statistical Induction

A

Predicts something that will happen based on probability

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43
Q

Induction by confirmation

A

Common form of scientific reasoning (hypothesis)

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44
Q

Fallacy

A

Error in reasoning or flawed argument

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45
Q

Hasty generalizations

A

coming to a conclusion without enough evidence

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46
Q

Bandwagon

A

Everyone else is doing it. Why shouldn’t I?

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47
Q

Loose hasty generalizations

A

conclusions about others based on stereotype

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48
Q

Ad Hominem

A

An attack based on personal trait not the idea (trump)

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49
Q

Trivial Objections

A

Can be similar to Ad Hominem as it doesn’t focus on the issue at hand

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50
Q

Appeal to emotion

A

The use of emotion to sway your perception

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51
Q

False appeal to authority

A

Using authority to support your argument even though it may not be relevant

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52
Q

Circular Reasoning

A

an argument is being supported by premises then the argument so it goes around full circle with no information actually being shared

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53
Q

What is metaphysics?

A

concepts of being, knowing, substance, cause, identity, time and space

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54
Q

Idealism

A

Material objects are ideas that god placed in humans, god controls us

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55
Q

Monism

A

All things are manifestations or expressions of something material, mental or divine

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56
Q

Materialism

A

including mental states and consciousness, are results of material interactions.

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57
Q

Dualism

A

Reality comes from mind and matter

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58
Q

Ontological Argument

A

You cannot see, taste, smell, hear or touch a supreme being. How can we prove that it exists?

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59
Q

Who thinks logical reasoning can prove that there is a supreme being

A

Ibn Sina, Saint Anselm, Descartes and Spinoza

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60
Q

Cosmological Argument

A

Everything in nature relies on something for its existence. “nothing can come from nothing”

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61
Q

Argument from Design

A

Everything is ordered, everything in nature has a receptive pattern

62
Q

Pascal’s Wager

A

Yes there is a god, a balance of science and philosophy

63
Q

Atheists

A

No god but there is no punishment and no reward

64
Q

Existential Dread

A

Linked to nihilism because of lack of questions regarding a meaningful lifew

65
Q

Existential Crisis

A

Reflecting on moral, aspirations and relationships as well as pondering the meaning of life

66
Q

Free will

A

The ability to make your own choices

67
Q

Determinism

A

Having no control over your actions themself

68
Q

Determinism (external)

A

cause of behaviour that is outside the individual

69
Q

Determinism (internal)

A

the cause of behaviour is within the individuals genetics

70
Q

Enlightenment

A

higher understanding of life and how to remove negative parts of life

71
Q

Existentialism

A

One’s existence, freedom or choices. People define their own meaning in life and make choices based on defined purpose.

72
Q

Nihilism

A

The individual does not have value or meaning in life, so no purpose

73
Q

Plato’s Meno

A

is wondering whether or not virtue can be taught and what it is actually

74
Q

Socrates hypothesizes that…

A

Virtue is knowledge

75
Q

Skepticism

A

Questioning how reliable our knowledge actually is

76
Q

The cartesian dualism

A

How does spirt, isolated from the external world, perceive objects?

77
Q

Why do we study epistemology

A

Ideas that improve ourselves in a meaningful or constructive way

78
Q

Kantian

A

The physical world exists and people can experience it through the senses

79
Q

Phenomenology

A

there is value in the things we experience

80
Q

Purpose of education

A

Education demands the utilization of the inner powers of the child for his own instruction

81
Q

Character of education

A

Humans learn how to interact with society, usually through core virtues such as courage, justice and wisdom

82
Q

Moral Dilemmas

A

experiments that have you pick what you think is morally correct, with no right answers

83
Q

The best way to live

A

(Aristotle) Being a good person and knowing right from wrong and training will have you behave in appropriate ways

84
Q

Virtues

A

Good traits to possess. Where do you think people learn to behave in appropriate ways?

85
Q

Deontology

A

“rules bind you to do your duty”. The focus on the rightness or wrongness of actions themselves.

86
Q

Kantian Ethics

A

rightness or wrongness doesn’t depend on consequences but they fulfill our duty

87
Q

The Categorical Imperative

A

Kant defines as moral laws all people must follow

88
Q

Utilitarianism

A

determines right from wrong by focusing on outcomes

89
Q

Kongfuzi

A

lead people by laws and regulate them by penalties

90
Q

Modus Vivendi

A

we can live our own life but it’s about the ways we interact with one another

91
Q

Egoistic Relativism

A

“I do what is right for me”, but that can impact others in our socitey

92
Q

Social Relativism

A

“We do what is right for us” each community agrees on a moral standard

93
Q

Metaethical Relativism

A

‘I don’t think we can come to an agreement”, thinking about how to behave

94
Q

what does Sophie take from the major’s cabin

A

An envelope with her name on it

95
Q

What does Plato believe to be the most reliable form of knowledge?

A

Your reason

96
Q

What did joanna and sophies mother think is at the root of Sophie’s strange behaviour?

A

Sophie is in love

97
Q

The concept that the world is governed by “universal rightness is the concept of?

A

Natural law

98
Q

An Epicurean is a devoted follower of?

A

Seeking the highest possible sensory pleasures

99
Q

What frightens Joanna and Sophies when they visit the Major’s Cabin?

A

The girls find postcards foretelling a meeting between the girls and Hilde

100
Q

In The 13th century, St Thomas Aquinas was known for

A

conscience makes us do right from wrong, natural reason proves gods existence, Christianizing the works of Aristotle

101
Q

Where does Sophie think she first meets Hilde?

A

In a dream

102
Q

The Renaissance brought about the ideals of Humanism which means?

A

A belief in the value and worth of people

103
Q

What does Sophie find that makes her think she is being watched?

A

Bus fare when she needed it

104
Q

At what point does Hilde think her father has “gone too far”

A

When he compared himself to god and provdience

105
Q

Alberto said Sophie had unusual talents when she was able to.

A

Make her presence physically known to Hilde

106
Q

What characteristics are representative of romanticism?

A

Devotion to nature, a world soul and belief in artistic genius

107
Q

Where does Sophie finally meet Hilde

A

On the dock at Bjerkely

108
Q

How does Karl Marx describe the plight of the proletariat?

A

They are alienated from the means of production

109
Q

What did Sartre mean when he said existentialism is humanism

A

The being of a human isn’t the same as things, humans are the only creature that is aware of their own existence, and humans must construct meaning to their lives

110
Q

How did Sophie’s mother, Helene, respond to Sophie and Alberto leaving the garden party

A

With pride

111
Q

How does Major Knag feel about his life being controlled?

A

Violation of human rights, surprised with how planned and Hilde had to be somewhere

112
Q

During the Enlightenment, people felt that poverty and oppression were the result of

A

Ignorance and supersistion

113
Q

Which philosopher believed that time and space were modes of human perception

A

Immanuel Kant

114
Q

What does Freud believe sets the stage for a lifelong battle between guilt and desire?

A

sex

115
Q

Who did Major Knag use as a character to introduce the topic of Darwin in the novel?

A

Noah

116
Q

What does Albert Knox mean when he references the Archimedean Point?

A

A firm point from which to move the earth

117
Q

What international event spawned a growing interest in existentialism?

A

World War II (1939-1945)

118
Q

Who stated that the concept of a perfect entity could only have originated from such an entity rather than an imperfect entity such as a human being

A

Rene Descartes

119
Q

Look for signs of Sophie’s innocence. Note them. What is the author’s purpose in this regard?

A

She’s curious and gets excited easily. The authors intend to show that the younger we are, the more open-minded we are.

120
Q

Consider the symbolic significance of the woods

A

A path where the person typically runs down after they have given Sophie a letter, she has tried to catch them

121
Q

Consider the symbolic significance of the menagerie

A

Was the house they named which was lived in when the mother was in a bad mood.

122
Q

Consider the symbolic significance of the den

A

ongoing questions and where she would hide the letters

123
Q

Consider the symbolic significance of the garden

A

she would love to hide, was a world of its own. Similar to the garden of Eden, this safe place with knowledge.

124
Q

How do you like the Top Hat analogy? Do you subscribe to it?

A

Going out off your comfort zone is important, being on the tip of the rabbits fur allows for curiosity

125
Q

Find the bit where Thomas’s father may or may not fly about the kitchen.

A

The mom freaked out because people don’t fly but it didn’t startle the baby because the world is new to him

126
Q

What do Joanna and Sophie’s mother suggest is “wrong with Sophie? Why does Gaarder include these things?

A

They are stuck in the cave and can’t see behind what’s obvious. Sophie is looking at these big ideas that require this open mind

127
Q

Compare mythology with philosophy. What characterizes the gods of Norse, Ethiopian, and Thracian mythology? What did the earliest Greek Philopshers try to do

A

they tried to prove these explanations were not trusted, to find natural explanations rather than supernatural

128
Q

What role does religion play in the lives of thinkers of the middle ages

A

Christians believe that god rules from high and everyone tends to believe in god and that god has power over the world

129
Q

How should people negotiate the concepts of pleasure? Is seeking pleasure good or evil? what are good and evil anyway?

A

What mortally feels right, a gut feeling, society imposes certain ideas of the gods telling us so, we believe things because we are human

130
Q

How does the scientific method impact philosophy?

A

Whether or not something is deemed as true or false if they exist. The scientific method is an observant thing that has been questioned. Use this in a way to back up what they are saying.

131
Q

Who is Hilde?

A

A girl who is just like Sophie but the real vision, her father writes her a book to teach her philosophy

132
Q

How do we characterize existence?

A

We do not piece tangible objects, we jump to conclusions to assume as we perceive them

133
Q

Think about Descartes work

A

he concluded that god exists, ration thinker, we can say something is true if we haven’t perceived it

134
Q

Think about Berleky’s work

A

All knowledge of the world is from what the sense tells us, we cannot know any more of the world than what we perceive through our senses

135
Q

Philosophy, religion and science… can they co-exist?

A

Philosophy has us question things, Science has us conduct experiments and religion has us believe in something to drive our sense of focus. You need all of them to challenge one another

136
Q

Existentialism! How does Sophie feel about her discovery? How does Hilde feel about her father’s actions? Be sure to have a good understanding of Sartre’s Ideas.

A

Her existence depends on how she defines a meaningful life, she needs to figure out how to end the story if she wants to be more than a character in a book

137
Q

How does Hilde prepare for her father’s homecoming? what is her intention in such an elaborate scheme?

A

Hilde can relate to Sophie and finds that her father is treating them right, so she wanted to shift plans of what will happen next.

138
Q

Why is the segment on Sophie’s aunt and her work at the factory relevant to existentialism?

A

people into a machine with no sense of pride and ownership, the purpose of being satisfied with a finished product is taken away from us

139
Q

Why is the pursuit of knowledge sometimes seen as a “fall from grace” (adam and eve)

A

Eve bits into the apple of knowledge as told not too. Is Sophie better off knowing the truth of was she better off closing the book?

140
Q

How do we characterize the romantic era

A

The aesthetic way of thinking not just from reason but how you feel, forming a sense of meaning

141
Q

What the heck is a gadfly?

A

Through education, we are able to board information that we already know. Ask questions to sting you into awareness and wake up.

142
Q

Epicurus

A

All things are to be done for the sake of pleasant feelings associated with them

143
Q

Jeremy Bentham

A

Defined happiness, the sum of pleasures and pains

144
Q

Seneca

A

We make our life short, you live long if you know how to use it

145
Q

Marcus Aurelius

A

thoughts determine the quality of your mind

146
Q

Immanuel Kant

A

The highest good should be enjoyable and meaningful

147
Q

Jean-paul Sartre

A

meaningful life comes within ourselves but things may challenge that

148
Q

Albert Camus

A

We should live life to the fullest regardless of how much time we have

149
Q

Arthur Schopenhauer

A

The meaning of life is to deny it, obey god and his power

150
Q

Who is Hermes?

A

Alberto’s dog who works as a messager

Philosophy (1 decks)

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