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Community Health > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Public Health

A

Described as the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through organized community efforts to benefit each citizen

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2
Q

Health

A

State if complete well-being, physical, social and mental, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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3
Q

Community

A

Collection of people who interact with one another and whose common interests or characteristics from the basis for a sense of unity and belonging

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4
Q

Population

A

Group of people having common environmental or personal characteristics

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5
Q

Aggregates

A

Subgroups or subpopulations that have some common characteristic or concern

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6
Q

3 core public health functions

A

Assessment - regular collection
Policy Development - use of information gathered
Assurance - analysis of resources available

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7
Q

Community Health

A

Extends the realm of public health to include organized health efforts and the community level through both government and private efforts

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8
Q

health promotion

A

Activities to enhance resources directed at improving well-being

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9
Q

Disease prevention

A

Are activities that protect people from disease and the effects of disease

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10
Q

Three Levels of Disease Prevenetion

A

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary

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11
Q

Definition and examples of primary prevention

A

Preventing problem before it occurs
Ex: promotion of good nutrition, immunizations, seatbelt use, water purification, encouragement of regular exercise

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12
Q

Definition and examples of secondary prevention

A

Early detection and intervention during the period of early disease
Ex: screenings, mammogram, blood pressure screenings, scoliosis screening

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13
Q

Definition and examples of tertiary prevention

A

Populations that have experienced disease or injury and focused limitation of disability or rehab
Ex: teaching how to perform insulin injections, refer all to therapist, and support groups

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14
Q

What does thinking upstream mean?

A

Examining the origins of disease, nurses identify social, political, environmental, and economic factors that often lead to poor health options for both individual and populations

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15
Q

Prevention v cure

A

Cure: spending additional dollars for a cure in the form of health care services does little to improve the health of the population

Prevention: spending money on prevention does a great deal to improve health and decrease dollars spent on a cure

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16
Q

What is the vision of Healthy People 2020?

A

A society in which all people live long, healthy lives

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17
Q

What are the overreaching goals of healthy people 2020?

A

Attain a high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death

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18
Q

Population Focused Nursing

A

Concentrates on specific groups of people and focuses on health promotion and disease prevention, regardless of geographic location

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19
Q

Goal of population focused nursing

A

Provision of evidence-based care to targeted groups of people with similar needs to improve outcomes
Focuses on:
- entire population
- emphasizes all levels of prevention
-considers the broad determinants of health
- Emphasizes all levels of prevention
- intervenes with communities, systems, individuals, and families

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20
Q

Aggregate Impact on Health

A
  • increased population
  • increased population density
  • imbalanced human ecology
  • results in changes in cultural adaption
  • these imbalances continue today because of climate, natural disaster, and war
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21
Q

Endemic

A

Diseases that are always present in population (colds and pneumonia)

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22
Q

Epidemic

A

Diseases that are not always present in a population but flare up on occasion (measles)

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23
Q

Pandemic

A

The existence of disease in a large proportion of the population - a global epidemic (HIV, AIDS, and influenza outbreaks)

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24
Q

Elizabeth Poor Law

A

Enacted in England in 1601 the law governed health care for two centuries and became a prototype for later US

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25
Q

Edward Jenner

A

Observed that people who worked around cattle were less likely to contract smallpox

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26
Q

Edwin Chadwick

A

Called attention to unsanitary conditions that resulted in health disparities that shortened life spans of the laboring class

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27
Q

John Snow

A

Demonstrated that cholera was transmissible through contaminated water

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28
Q

Lemuel Shattuck

A

Boston bookseller and publisher with an interest in public health, organized the American Statistical Society in 1839. High overall mortality and very high infant and maternal mortality rates

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29
Q

Florence Nightingale

A

Credited with establishing modern nursing
- concern for environmental determinants of health
- emphasis on sanitation, community assessment, and analysis
- use of graphically depicted statistics and comparable census data
- political advocate
- education reform for nurses

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30
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Theory of existence of germs, discovered immunizations in 1881 and the rabies vaccine in 1885

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31
Q

Robert Koch

A

Discovered causative agent for cholera and tubercle bacillus in 1882

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32
Q

Jospeh Lister

A

Surgical success with wound care

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33
Q

Lillian Wald

A

Established a district nursing service called the House on Henry Street
- played an important role in establishing public health nursing in the US and starting the “visiting nurses association of NYC”
- bringing medicine home

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34
Q

District Nursing

A

First established in England

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35
Q

Determinants of Health

A

Factors that contribute to a persons current state of health
1. Biology and genetics
2. Individual behavior
3. Social enviroment
4. Physical Enviroment
5. Health Services

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36
Q

Social Determinants of Health and Disease are…

A
  • the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age
  • shaped by the distribution of money, power, and resources at global, national, and local levels
  • mostly responsible for health inequities
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37
Q

New causes of mortality

A
  • change from infectious diseases to chronic conditions
  • modern medical advances
  • holistic approach to health
  • better sanitation and nutrition
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38
Q

Contemporary Issues and Challenges for Public Health Nursing

A
  • promote the health of populations
  • need a broadened focus on the multiple causes of morbidity and mortality
  • aware of increases technological advances
  • understand the community need for a focus on prevention, health promotion, and home care
  • focus on holistic care
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39
Q

Microscopic Approach to Solving Community Health Problems

A
  • individual response to health and illness
  • emphasizes behavioral responses to illness or lifestyle patterns
  • nursing interventions aimed to the individual by changing his or her perceptions or belief system
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40
Q

Macroscopic Approach to Solving Community Health Problems

A
  • interfamily and intercommunity themes
  • emphasizes social, economic, and enviromental precursors of illness
  • nursing interventions may include modifying social or enviromental variables
  • may involve social or political action
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41
Q

Microscopic

A
  • the individual is the locus of change
  • Oreos self-care deficit theory of nursing
  • The Health Belief Model
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42
Q

Macroscopic

A
  • thinking upstream: society is the locus of change
  • millions framework for prevention
  • critical social theory
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43
Q

Health Protection

A

Consists of those behaviors in which one engages with the specific intent to prevent disease, to detect disease in the early stages, or to maximize health within the constraints of a disease
Ex: immunizations and cervical cancer screening health protection activities

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44
Q

Healthy People 2020

A
  • challenges, individuals, and professionals…to take specific steps to ensure that good health, as well as long life, are enjoyed by all
  • broad goals:
    to increase quality and healthy years of life, to eliminate health disparities
  • Content addressed:
    Organized into focus areas and corresponding priorities of action for each objective
  • leading health indicators (determinants of health) to help track progress toward meeting the goals
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45
Q

Pender’s Health Promotion Model

A

Depicts the complex multidimensional factors with which people interact as they work to achieve optimum health
Example: Jamie feels better after working out, she gets many compliments about her body, she found that working out in the morning minimizes the competing demands that may keep her from exercising

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46
Q

Health Belief Model

A

Provides the basis for much of the practice of health education and health promotion today. It was developed for psychologists to attempt to explain why public failed to participate in screening for TB> “Why do people who have a disease reject health screenings?”

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47
Q

Transtheoretical Model

A

Change is difficult, even for most motivated individuals. Changes may be unpleasant, require giving up pleasure, stressful, painful, jeopardize social relationships, and much more

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48
Q

Theory of Reasoned Action

A

Attempts to predict a persons intention to perform or not perform a certain behavior. It assumes that all behavior is determined by ones behavioral intetions

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49
Q

Risk

A

The probability that a specific event will occur in a given time frame

50
Q

Risk factor

A

Exposure that is associated with disease

51
Q

Risk assessment

A

Systematic way of distinguishing the risks posed by potentially harmful exposures

52
Q

Steps in risk assessment

A
  • hazard identification
  • risk description
  • exposure assessment
  • risk estimation
53
Q

Modifiable Risk factors

A
  • individual has control
    Ex: smoking, activity, eating habits
54
Q

Non-modifiable risk factors

A
  • individual has little or no control
    Ex: genetics, gender, age, environmental exposure
55
Q

Risk reduction

A

Proactive process in which individuals participate in behaviors that enable them to react to actual or potential threats to health

56
Q

Risk communication

A

The process through which the public receives information regarding possible or actual threats to health

57
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in human populations and is the principal science of health

58
Q

Person-Place-Time Model

A

Organized epidemiologists’ investigations of the disease pattern in the community
Person: who?
Place: where?
Time: when?

59
Q

Two main types of epidemiology

A
  1. Descriptive 2. Analytic
60
Q

Analytic Epidemiology

A

Investigates the causes of disease by determining why a disease rate is lower in one population group than another

61
Q

Descriptive Epidemiology

A

Used in the person-place-time model

62
Q

The Epidemiological Triangle

A

Three elements: agent, host, and environment

63
Q

Agent of Disease

A

Expose host to disease cause; may result in disease
- nutritive elements
- chemical agents
- physical agents
- infectious agents

64
Q

Host

A

Host factors
- genetic
- age
- sex
- ethnic group
- physiological state
- prior immunological experience
- active immunity v passive immunity
- preexisting disease
- human behavior

65
Q

Environment

A

Influence exsistence of the agent, exposure, or susceptibility to agent
- physical Enviroment
- biological enviroment
- socioeconomic environment

66
Q

Incidence rates

A

Describe the occurrence of new cases of a disease (tuberculosis, influenza) or condition (teen pregnancy) in a community over a given period relative to the size of the population at risk for that disease or condition during that same period

67
Q

Prevalence rates

A

The number of all cases of a specific disease or condition in a population at a given point in time relative to the population at the same point in time

68
Q

Mortality Rates

A
  • routinely collected birth and death rates
  • other rates
    - crude rates
    - age specific rates
    - age adjusted rates
    - infant mortality rate
69
Q

Risk

A

Refers to the probability of an adverse event (the likelihood that health people exposed to a specific factor will acquire a specific disease)

70
Q

Risk factors

A

Refers to the specific exposure factor, such as cigarette smoke, hypertension, high cholesterol, excessive stress, high noise levels, or an environmental chemical

71
Q

Disease Prevention

A
  • primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention
  • establishing causality
  • screening - secondary prevention
  • surveillance
72
Q

Surveillance

A

A mechanism for the ongoing collection of community health information

73
Q

Windshield survey

A

Driving or walking through an area and making organized observation

74
Q

Vital statistics

A

Official registration records of births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and adoptions form the basis of data

75
Q

Census tract

A

Subdivide larger communities. They facilitate the organization of resident information in specific community geographic locales

76
Q

Environmental health

A
77
Q

Built enviroment

A

Consists of the connections among people, communities, and their surrounding environments that affect health behaviors and habits, interpersonal relationships, cultural values, and customs

78
Q

Work related exposures

A

Happen as a result of poor working conditions and can lead to potential injury or illness
Ex: occupational toxic poisoning, machine-operation hazard (falls, crushing injuries, burns)

79
Q

Outdoor air quality

A

Refers to the purity of the air and the presence of air pollution

80
Q

Healthy homes

A

Refers to the availability, safety, structural strength, cleanliness, location, and indoor air quality of shelter

81
Q

Water quality

A

Refers to the water supply’s availability, volume, mineral content levels, toxic chemical pollution, and pathogenic microorganism levels

82
Q

Food safety

A

Refers to the availability, accessibility, and relative cost of health food free of contamination by harmful herbicides, pesticides, and bacteria
Ex: malnutrition, bacterial food poisoning, carcinogenic chemical additives, improper food labeling

83
Q

Waste management

A

Entails the handling of waste materials results from industry, municipal processes, and human consumption as well as efforts to minimize waste production

84
Q

Participatory Action Research

A

Form of research calls for nurses, community members, and other resource people to work together in identifying health problems, designing the studies, collecting, and analyzing the data, disseminating the results, and posing solutions to the problem

85
Q

Environmental justice

A

This directive has served to increase public participation and access to information as well as provision of education about multiple risks and cumulative exposures

86
Q

IPREPARE

A
87
Q

Globalization

A

The process of increasing social and economic dependence and integration as capital, goods, persons, concepts, images, ideas, and values cross state boundaries

88
Q

World Health organization (WHO)

A

Considers health to be the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

WHO is working to prevent, treat, and care for communicable diseases

89
Q

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

A

National level
Committed to achieving true improvements in peoples life by accelerating health impact and reducing health disparities

90
Q

world population and urbanization

A
91
Q

Global infectious diseases

A
92
Q

Developed countries

A
93
Q

Developing countries

A
94
Q

Social factors affecting womens health

A
  • health care access
  • education
  • work
  • employment and wages
95
Q

Healthy People 2020 for women

A
96
Q

Chronic illness common to women

A
97
Q

Sexually transmitted diseases

A
98
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A
99
Q

Unintentional injury

A
100
Q

Domestic violence

A

Single largest causes of injury to women between the ages of 15-44

101
Q

Sexual harassment

A

Unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature severe enough to create a intimidating hostile work environment

102
Q

Diseases common to the older adult

A

Cardiovascular disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, cancer, cataracts, macular degeneration, glaucoma, hearing loss, dental concerns, incontinence, falls, TBI, depression, anxiety, Alzheimer’s

103
Q

Interventions for the older adult

A

Screening and exams, physical activity and fitness, and nutrition

104
Q

Ageism

A

The stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination towards others or oneself based on age

105
Q

Elder abuse

A

Serious problem throughout the US abuse is generally defined as the willful infliction of pain, injury, or debilitating mental anguish

106
Q

Falls

A

Number one cause of fractures

107
Q

Disability

A

Umbrella term describing impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions

108
Q

The Americans with Disabilities Act

A

Refers to a qualified individual with a disability as a person with a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities or bodily function

109
Q

Activities of daily living

A

Getting around inside the home, bathing, dressing, eating, or toileting

110
Q

Veteran

A

A person who has served in the military

111
Q

WW2 veterans

A

High levels of noise, radiation at Hiroshima & Nagasaki, cold injuries, exposed to mustard gas experiments

112
Q

Korean War Veterans

A

Extreme cold injuries, noise, and occupational hazards

113
Q

Vietnam Veterans

A

Agent orange: herbicide used to kill the vegetation that provided cover for the enemy

114
Q

Gulf War and the Global war on terror

A

Sand, dust exposure which causes respiratory disorders, burn pits which caused toxic smoke, TBI’s, heat stroke/heat exhaustion, chemical exposure

115
Q

Service-connected disability

A

Disease or injury that was incurred as a result of or during the veterans active duty, or one that was aggravated by military service

116
Q

OHN Population

A
117
Q

Mandated reporter

A
118
Q

Key elements of faith community nursing

A
119
Q

Role of the Faith Community Nurse

A

Referral agent, health educator, health counselor, health advocate, coordinator of volunteers, developer of support groups, integrator of health and healing

120
Q

Issues encountered by the faith community nurse

A
  • Providing care for vulnerable populations
  • end of life issues: grief and loss
  • family violence prevention
  • confidentiality
  • accountability

Community Health (3 decks)

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