Exam Flashcards
What is the connection to peers and delinquency: Boys & Girls
Boys and girls are differently exposed to criminogenic conditions and are differently exposed
It was found that their criminal activity and gender effect on crime operate through their types of friends
Females are less likely to have delinquent friends. Boys are more likely to have delinquent friends. This is known as differential exposure.
What is the family structure typically like for delinquent youth
Broken home, single parents, and no supervision can lead these kids to act out in a criminal way
Some factors include parental risk factors, childhood personality disorder, extreme child temperament, childhood maltreatment, and adolescent onset. These factors impact an individual’s vulnerability to subsequent exposure and experience with risk factors in later life stages.
What are the different types of crime prevention
Primary Prevention - This focuses on an entire population (neighbourhood, school, youth, or nation)
Secondary Prevention - This focuses specifically on those within a population who are seen to have a problem, for example, substance abuse or living in neighbourhoods with high rates of unemployment
Tertiary Prevention - This focuses on the small number of individuals or populations who already have serious or chronic problems, such as violent offenders or neighbourhoods with high crime rates
What impact does the school have on delinquency?
Girls are more committed to a school than boys
Girl’s commitment to school reduces their involvement in property crime more than it does for boys\
Low levels of school commitment were also associated with violent crimes, and there were no differences between boys and girls
Girls with high levels of victimization and a low level of school commitment reported more property-related and violence-related delinquency
Low IQ is predictive of school failure and subsequent delinquent behaviour. They argue that IQ has a direct effect on delinquency in that a young person with low intelligence tend to be impulsive, lacking moral reasoning, and is inclined to think only in terms of immediate gratification
What is the Chivarly Hypothesis
The Chivarly Hypothesis is a differential reinforcement by a system towards girls/women
Women in the Criminal Justice System tend to receive more lenient sentences than males
They are official records
What are some problems with the Chivarly Hypothesis
It is not equal for all females
White females benefit from this, Poor and Black, indigenous or people of colour do not
What is the Power-Control Theory
Class and Family
- Traditional family
- Traditional Roles
- Working-class household
- Daughter socialization and supervises
Delinquency - Daughters are less delinquent and sons are more delinquent
Modern
- Non-Traditional Roles
- Middle-class household
- Daughter socialization
Daughters have more delinquency and sons have less
Criticism
- Evidence is mixed
- Theory is sexist
Shoplifting
Shoplifting offences are committed in the company of others, to impress friends
For girls, they are viewed as a “pink collar” offence or a “girls” offence
Boys more frequently; more supportive friends
Girls steal more per incidence and they start earlier
Status Offences
Minor offences; runaways, and sexual activities
Court: Supervision for girls (more formal)
Boys were corrected with discipline from home
Boys were 8 months vs girls were 2 years, more visits with authorities
Girls were immoral and boys were frustrated and aggressive
Status offence replacement - admin offences for example breaching court orders and failure to comply
Under YOA - for own good rather than the crime itself (“paternalism”)
The new way they replace the status offence with it failure to comply
Family Issues - Aboriginals vs Non-Aboriginals
The biggest differences were alcoholism and foster care. They both were higher for Aboriginal girls.
Adultification - Who is affected
It is how adults perceive children - often based on race
Black girls and boys are mostly affected
Discipline for Black Girls in School
Many of them were suspended.
Some were referred to the police
Many has multiple suspensions
What is Bullying
Bullying is when a person is exposed, repeatedly to negative actions on the part of one or more person
Bullying - Terminology
Verbal - Teasing, Name-calling
Physical - Kicking, Punching - more likely younger kids
Emotional - Intent to emotionally hurt someone, anxiety
Social - Gossip
Psychological - Affect psychological well-being - loss of self-esteem
Power - Imbalance - by age, gender etc
Deliberate - International - aimed at a specific person, meant to cause harm
Repeated - occurs over time - not a one-time event
Discrimination - Through racism
Direct - Face to Face bullying
Indirect - Behind the back bullying, cyberbullying
Characteristics of bullying
Bullying happens most often in the early teen years. Middle School is the peak
It is more effective in middle shool than in high school
What is cyberbullying and who experiences it
Cyberbullying is when an individual uses electronics, such as cell phones or the internet, to threaten and harass their peers.
Non-heterofemales experience this the most
The Saints and Roughnecks
The Saints:
- White upper-middle-class boys active in school affairs.
- Very delinquent
- Drinking, wild driving, petty theft.
The Roughnecks:
- Working-class white boys
- Trouble with police and community
Roughnecks were viewed as troublemakers and saints as good boys.
Objectives of Extrajudicial Measures in YCJA
- Laying charges - no charges are laid (except Ontario)
- May be used with prior record - depending on the nature of the offence
- FJustice - Take responsibility, engage with victims and community; acknowledge and repair the harm
Professionals: Police and crown (judges cannot refer)
Police Culture and Youth Offenders
Influence decisions:
1) typifications of the delinquent
2) Course of the action
3) Policy of the police Department
Typification of Delinquent vs non-Delinquent
Delinquent
1) Contact with the system - Repeat offender
2) Committed multiple offences defined as serious - Formal action needed
3) Attitude: bad - no respect for authority; indifferent to consequences
4) Family environment: parents (involvement and supervision are lacking)
Non-Delinquent
1) Contact with the system - no mention of
2) Outside activities - More Involved
3) Parents: involvement - willing to discipline
4) Friends - Perceived as non-delinquent
5) Attitude - Good - Polite with police, act scared and remorseful
6) Police confidence - Known as “bad apples”
Racial Profiling
This exists when members of a particular racial or ethnic group become subject to greater criminal justice or surveillance than others based on their race/ethnicity
Consequences - Over-representation in the Criminal Justice System
Under-Policing - Less Protections
Who is mostly stopped by police
Black Males
Youth By levels of Deviance
- This was a survey of high school students
- Controlled for social class, leisure, gang, and crime
- Good behaviour did not protect Black youth from police stops/unwanted attention
Legal Rights
- Youth need a lawyer presence of a lawyer with police questioning
- They need a parent/Guardian present when making statements to the police
- They have a right to privacy - medial publication bans
Crown Responsibility
- Balancing Roles - Obtain justice and exercise discretion
- Legal Proof of facts - Fairly and Legally
- Ensure justice served
- Ability to use discretion
- Consider the level of youth and meaningful consequences
Crown Requirements
1) Give advice to police - during the investigation and other
2) Screening files and gathering information
3) Knowledge and community programs
4) Negotiate plea resolutions - Bargains
5) Participate in conferences (pre-trial and sentencing)
6) Set Dates (conferences; court meetings)
7) Make Court Appearances
