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Exam Flashcards

1
Q

cause of listonellosis

A

Listonella anguilarium

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2
Q

who gets listonella

A

Marine fish - European sea bass, trout, eel, gilt head sea bream

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3
Q

predisposition for listonellosis

A

sudden increase in temperature
stress
poor water quality
high stocking density

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4
Q

entry of listonella

A

through intestine or damaged skin and then septicaemia

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5
Q

peracute listonella

A

asymptomatic death
cardiomyopathy

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6
Q

acute-subacute listonella

A

haemorrhage on head, abdomen, fins and operculum
pale liver
enlarged spleen

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7
Q

chronic listonella

A

ulcers
corneal opacity
blindness

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8
Q

diagnosis of listonella

A

isolate from spleen or kidney

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9
Q

treatment of listonella

A

oxytetracycline, florfenicol
based on susceptibility testing

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10
Q

prevention of listonella

A

vaccine
probiotics
decrease stocking density

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11
Q

cold water vibriosis

A

Alivibrio salmonicida
in Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout

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12
Q

listonella ordalli

A

in pacific salmon and rainbow trout

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13
Q

cause of aeromonas

A

aeromonas hydrophilia

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14
Q

cause of Pseduomonas

A

pseudomonas anguillispetica

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15
Q

who gets aeromonas and pseudomonas

A

aeromonas in freshwater fish
pseduoaeromonas in freshwater and marine fish

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16
Q

predisposing for aero/pseduomonas

A

they are secondary infections so other diseases

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17
Q

signs of aero/pseudomonas

A

hemorrhagic septicaemia

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18
Q

diagnosis pf aero/pseudomonas

A

isolate from kidney or spleen

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19
Q

treatment of aero/pseudomonas

A

antimicrobials in feed or inject the broodstock

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20
Q

columnaris also known as

A

saddleback disease

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21
Q

cause of columnaris

A

Flavobacterium columnare

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22
Q

who gets columnaris

A

all freshwater fish species

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23
Q

predisposing for columnaris

A

high temperature
poor water quality
stress

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24
Q

signs of columnaris

A

skin - increased mucus on head and body, grey circles with red edges
gills - white spots on filament tips
fins -lesions look like a saddle

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25
Q

diagnosis of columnaris

A

lesions - yellow white exudate
swab from lesions - columns of bacteria

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26
Q

treatment of columnaris

A

oxytetracycline, florfenicol, flumequine

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27
Q

prevention of columnaris

A

good husbandry

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28
Q

when do carp naturally spawn

A

1x/year in May/June 17-20degrees

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29
Q

carp sexual maturity

A

males - 2-5y
females 4-6y

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30
Q

what to do with carp broodstock

A

salt bath and anaesthetise with MS222 of benzocaine
weigh, tag and give GnRH and stitch genital papillae
harvest eggs and milt using dry method
add fertilisation solution (urea and NaCl)
add tannins and proteolytic enzymes to remove stickiness

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31
Q

what to do with carp eggs

A

incubate eggs in zuger jars for 3d at 23d
transfer to containers for 3-4d at 23degrees and down feed them
when larvae - feed them hard boiled egg yolk or Nauplii of Artemia spp
transport in PVC bags pressurised with O2 to a 0.5-2ha pond
stocking density = 300,000-400,000 larvae/ha
have to allow for temp acclimatisation

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32
Q

how to prep pond for carp

A

plough, lime and fertilise with poultry manure, plankton sieve and insecticide treatment

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33
Q

feeding of young carp

A

larvae - feed hard dough 2x/d
advanced fry (4-6w), restock and feed 2mm pellets 1x/d
1 summer fry - in same ponds or overwintering ponds

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34
Q

cold water bacterial diseases

A

Furunculosis
Enteric redmouth
bacterial cold water disease
columnaris

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35
Q

warm water bacterial diseases

A

carp erythrodermatitis
columnaris

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36
Q

marine bacterial diseases

A

vibriosis
pasteurellosis
tenacibaculosis

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37
Q

viruses in carp

A

spring viremia
carp pox
koi herpesvirus
koi sleepy disease

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38
Q

viruses in salmonids

A

VHS
IHN
infectious pancreatic necrosis

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39
Q

marine viruses

A

viral encephalopathy and retinopathy

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40
Q

how to culture salmonids

A

10-15degrees
5L/1000kg
incubate eggs at 4-12degrees

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41
Q

when do trout spawn

A

autumn-spring

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42
Q

when do salmon spawn

A

autumn-winter

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43
Q

sexual maturity of salmonids

A

males 2-4y
females 3-6y

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44
Q

how to get gonads from salmonids

A

stop feeding them 14d before stripping
sedate with MS222
in brown trout - remove ovarian fluid (not in rainbow)

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45
Q

what to do with eggs in salmonids

A

use male to female ratio 3:1
add water and mix
eggs will harden and macrophyte closes
disinfect eggs with organic iodine compounds within 10h of fertilisation or at eyed staged
remove dead/unfertilised eggs by soaking in 8% NaCl
incubate yolk sac larvae in baskets

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46
Q

what to do with fry in salmonids

A

keep indoors for 6-8w as light sensitive (2-4h of dark) - feed 12x/d (8% bw/d)
feed juveniles 6-8x/d then 2-4x/d with 40% pro
market size in 12-18m

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47
Q

how to grow out salmonids at sea

A

transfer juveniles in to sea cages
acclimatise slowly by gradually increasing salinity or feed them high salt

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48
Q

how long til salmonids hatch

A

at 10degrees:
rainbow trout - 31d
brown trout - 41d
atlantic salmon - 51d

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49
Q

Oomycetes

A

family = Saprolegniacene and Saprolegnia
fungal molds
signs = cotton wool like tufts
when = in low water temperatures

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50
Q

Ceratothoa oestroides

A

buccal parasite of marine fish
have a direct life cycle

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51
Q

Protistan ciliate parasites

A

cause = Trichodina, Apiosoma, Epistylis
some are commensals, some are true parasites
have a direct life cycle
infections due to poor water quality

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52
Q

Ichthyopthirius multifilis

A

protistan ciliate parasite
in fresh water fish
causes white spot disease
signs = increased mucus production, erosions
theronts are the free-swimming infective form
trophont are the feeding stage
treatment = Cu sulphate, salt, formalin if approved
prevention more important

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53
Q

treatment of protistan ciliate parasites

A

Cu sulphate, salt and formalin in approved

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54
Q

Trypanosoma and Trypanoplasma sp

A

hematozoic parasites
hosts = fresh water and marine fish
leeches are the intermediate host
signs = anemia, hemorrage, osmoregulatory problems due to kidney destruction

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55
Q

Monogean flatworms

A

Dactylogyrus, Gyrodactylus, Diplectanum
Gyrodactylus salaris = in salmon is OIE listed
hemaphrodites
oviparous except gyrodactylus who is viviparous

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56
Q

Diplostomum spathaceum

A

Digenea trematode
eye fluke
host = fresh water fish
signs = cataracts, exophthalmia, blindness, decreased growth due to decreased feeding
life cycle = indirect, snails are intermediate host
mostly hermaphrodites and oviparous

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57
Q

Apicomplexans

A

cause = Eimeria and Goussia sp
host = fresh and marine water fish
intracellular intestinal parasites with direct life cycle within host cell
entry = ingestion of oocysts
control = draining, drying, freezing, liming. anticoccidial drugs work but are not approved

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58
Q

who gets Eimeria dicentrarchi

A

Seabass

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59
Q

what does Goussa carpelli do

A

coccidian enteritis

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60
Q

what does Goussia supepithelialis do

A

nodular coccidiosis
lethargy, decreased appetite, abdominal distension, severe enteritis

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61
Q

myxozoa life cycle

A

myxospore goes in to annelid worms which release actinospores which are infective to fish

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62
Q

Myxozoa diseases

A

swim bladder inflammation
whirling disease

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63
Q

swim bladder inflammation

A

in carp in August
signs = lethargy, swollen abdomen, unable to maintain equilibrium , red and thickened swim bladder
cause = Sphatospora dykovae

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64
Q

whirling disease

A

in salmonids
infects cartilage before ossification occurs leading to deformities, darkening of caudal region and whirling
cause = Myxobolus cerebralis

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65
Q

cause of whirling disease

A

Myxobolus cerebralis

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66
Q

cause of swim bladder inflammation

A

Sphatospora dykovae

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67
Q

Cestodes

A

endoparasites in digestive tract (anterior part)
hermaphrodites
order = caryophyllidea, caryophyllaceus fimbriceps
signs = swollen abdomen, stop eating, hemorrhagic enteritis, emaciation
control = draining, drying and liming, anthelminthics, niclosamide effective but not registered

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68
Q

Bothriocephalosis

A

cause = Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (cestode - Asian tapeworm up to 8cm)
affects = carp and cyprinids
mortality = 100% in young fish
signs = decreased growth, swollen abdomen, emaciation, hemorrhagic enteritis, severe GI tract damage

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69
Q

types of muscle

A

cardiac
smooth
skeletal - head, trunk, tail and fins

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70
Q

axial muscle

A

organised in myomeres
myomeres separated by myosepta

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71
Q

red fibres

A

highly vascularised for long term swimming

72
Q

white fibres

A

poorly vascularised, for bursts of energy in strong swimming

73
Q

scales

A

placoid - sharks and rays
ganoid - sturgeons
cosmoid - ancient
elasmoid - teleosts
2 types of elasmoid - cycloid and ctenoid
cycloid - salmonids and cyprinids
ctenoid - perch and pikeperch

74
Q

pigment cells

A

melanophores - black
erythrophores - red
zanthophores - yellow
iridophores - shiny
colour changes can be physiological or morphological

75
Q

blood flow in the gills

A

a. brachialis - lamellar arteries - secondary lamella - lamellar arteries - a. epibranchialis

76
Q

breathing

A

active in cyprinids
passive in salmonids - need to continuously swim

77
Q

gills

A

4 pairs of gill arches supported by cartilage and ro bony skeleton
on each gill arch = outer surface has 2 rows of gill filaments (primary lamella) and inner surface has gill rakers

78
Q

lamella

A

primary = supported by cartilage
secondary = gaseous exchange

79
Q

opercular cavity

A

operculum (branchiostegal membrane)

80
Q

OIE listed viral diseases

A

IHN
koi herpes virus
spring viremia of carp
VHS

81
Q

spring viremia of carp

A

cause = Rhabdovirus carpio
affects = mostly common carp
transmission = horizontal through diseased fish
vectors = parasites
outbreaks = 11-17deg
mortality = 1-40%
signs = hemorrhagic anemia, edema, enteritis and peritonitis

82
Q

cause of spring viremia of carp

A

Rhabdovirus carpio

83
Q

carp pox

A

cause = cyprinid herpes virus 1
outbreaks = 15deg in winter and early spring
mortality = high in juveniles
signs = benign, hyperplastic, papillomatous growths in skin

84
Q

cause of carp pox

A

cyprinid herpes virus 1

85
Q

koi herpes virus

A

cause = cyprinid herpes virus 3
affects = common and koi carp
outbreaks = 16-25deg
morbidity = up to 100%
mortality = 70-80%
transmission = horizontal
vectors = birds, parasites, fish
signs = gill necrosis, enophthalmia

86
Q

cause of koi herpes virus

A

cyprinid herpes virus 3

87
Q

skin

A

epidermis - upper layer with mucous cells
dermis - lower layer
hypodermis

88
Q

where are scales

A

in dermis

89
Q

layers of dermis

A

stratum spongiosum - loose connective tissue with capillaries and pigment cells
stratum compactum - dense connective tissue
scales

90
Q

fins

A

skin fold supported by bony rays
rays can be spiny or soft

91
Q

paired fins

A

pectoral and pelvic

92
Q

unpaired fins

A

dorsal, caudal and anal

93
Q

who has adipose skin

A

Salmonids and Ictauridae

94
Q

who doesn’t have pelvic fins

A

eels

95
Q

heart

A

1 atrium and 1 ventricle
HR varies with water temp - around 30bpm

96
Q

blood

A

contains hemocytes and plasma
pH 7.6

97
Q

pyloric caeca

A

blind ending diverticula between stomach and anterior intestine

98
Q

cyprinid GI tract

A

no stomach but have extended anterior intestine

99
Q

swim bladder

A

hydrostatic organ that is filled/emptied to regulate buoyancy
tunica interna - transparent epithelial layer, overlying muscularis, mucosa and submucosa of loose connective tissue
tunica externa - fibrous layer with muscle and elastic connective tissue
gas inside = mostly N2

100
Q

closed/open swim bladder

A

physoclists (closed)
physostomes
swim bladder closes 24-36h post hatching in carp
3w post hatching in trout

101
Q

swim bladder in carp

A

2 chambers with diaphragm

102
Q

which organs are responsible for osmoregulation

A

skin, gills, kidney and alimentary canal

103
Q

freshwater fish osmoregulation

A

their environment is hypo osmotic
water passes in to the body so they dont have to drink
kidney produces lots of dilute urine
ions are passively lost through gills, skin and urine
ions are actively taken up from food and gills

104
Q

marine fish osmoregulation

A

their environment is hyper osmotic
water is lost through skin and gills so they have to drink
produce small amounts of concentrated urine - low GFR
excess ions are excreted in gills, faeces and urine

105
Q

arthropoda

A

cause = Argulus foliaceus, Lernaea cyprinacea
have a direct life cycle
ectoparasite - attach to gills (L.c) or skin (A.f) with 2 round suckers or anchors then feed on blood and tissue

106
Q

cause of pasteurellosis

A

Photobacterium damsela spp piscicida

107
Q

who gets pasteurellosis

A

marine fish

108
Q

predisposing for pasteurellosis

A

seabass and bream susceptible when under 50g
18-20deg
lower temps = subclinical disease

109
Q

entry of pasteurellosis and pathogenesis

A

through skin and intestine
per acute-acute = in fry, non specific external signs
subacute-chronic = older fish, nodular white granulomas in spleen, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle

110
Q

diagnosis of pasteurellosis

A

isolate from kidney or spleen

111
Q

treatment of pasteurellosis

A

oxytetracycline, florfenicol, flumequine
can fail due to resistance and the fact bacteria live in macrophages

112
Q

prevention of pasteurellosis

A

vaccination

113
Q

koi sleepy disease

A

cause = carp edema virus - DNA poxvirus
affects = common and koi carp
outbreaks = koi - 15-25deg, common - 6-10deg
all ages susceptible
signs = enopthalmia, lethargy and oedematous gills

114
Q

viral hemorrhagic septicaemia

A

cause = Rhabdoviridae VHS virus
hosts = salmonids, trout, flat fish and pike
outbreak = less than 14deg, fluctuating temps
mortality = 100% in fry, 30-70% in older
transmission = horizontal, vectors - birds

115
Q

types of VHS

A

acute = lethargy, erratic swimming, pale gills and liver, bleeding in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, edema in spleen and kidneys, ascites
chronic = dark skin, exophthalmia, pale and grey liver, mortality prolonged but not high
nervous = abnormal swimming, low mortality

116
Q

control of VHS

A

good hygiene
disinfection
select fish for genetic resistance

117
Q

diagnosis of furunculosis

A

isolate from kidneys

118
Q

treatment of furunculosis

A

oxytetracycline, florfenicol, potentiated sulphonamides in feed

119
Q

control of furunculosis

A

good husbandry, disinfect fertilised eggs, vaccinate salmon

120
Q

bacterial cold water disease

A

cause = Flavoacterium psychrophilum
host = salmonids
predisposing = less than 10deg, poor water quality
transmission = horizontal or vertical
entry = damaged skin and fins
2 types - rainbow trout fry syndrome and bacterial cold water disease
treatment = oxytetracycline, florfenicol, amoxicillin in feed
diagnosis = isolate from kidney or spleen on special media

121
Q

rainbow trout fry syndrome

A

cause = Flavobacterium pschrophilum
signs = acute septicaemia
internal pathology predominates, fin erosion, exophthalmia, ascites
50% mortality

122
Q

bacterial cold water disease sign

A

older fish
external pathology predominates
ulcers, yellow pigment, damaged fin tips
70% morbidity

123
Q

cause of bacterial kidney disease

A

Renibacterium salmoninarium

124
Q

who gets bacterial kidney disease

A

salmonids

125
Q

predisposing for bacterial kidney disease

A

overstocking and carrier brood stock

126
Q

signs of bacterial kidney disease

A

lesions in kidney, heart, spleen and liver
white caseous, nodular granulomas

127
Q

cause of carp erythrodermatitis

A

Aeromonas salmonicida spp nova

128
Q

hosts of carp erythrodermatitis

A

warm water fish - cyprinids, pike, catfish

129
Q

2 courses of carp erythrodermatitis

A

summer - faster course and good prognosis
autumn - slower course and bad prognosis

130
Q

entry for carp erythrodermatitis

A

through skin
Bacteria multiplies and causes inflammation between epidermis and dermis
leads to tissue necrosis and osmotic imbalance

131
Q

signs of carp erythrodermatitis

A

ulcers - red centres and white periphery
exophthalmia, ascites, secondary infections
dark pigmented scars

132
Q

diagnosis of carp erythrodermatitis

A

isolate from edge of ulcers, grow on blood media

133
Q

treatment of carp erythrodermatitis

A

oxytetracycline, florfenicol, flumequine

134
Q

control of carp erythrodermatitis

A

prevent birds, careful handling, breed resistant strains

135
Q

cause of bacterial cold water disease

A

Flavobacterium psychrophilum

136
Q

predisposing for cold water disease

A

low temps of less than 10
poor water quality

137
Q

cause of enteric red mouth disease

A

Yersinia ruckeri

138
Q

host of enteric red mouth

A

salmonids

139
Q

predisposing for enteric red mouth

A

temp changes 8-16 deg
stress
fastest disease course at 18 deg

140
Q

signs of enteric red mouth

A

haemorrhages in and around mouth and on fin bases
empty intestines with hemorrhage
swollen kidney and splenomegaly

141
Q

control of enteric red mouth

A

disinfect eggs
vaccine and booster needed

142
Q

who has hepatopancreas

A

cyprinids

143
Q

cause of IHN

A

rhabdoviridae

144
Q

who gets IHN

A

young trout and salmon

145
Q

mortality of IHN

A

100% in fry and 30% in older fish

146
Q

when do IHN outbreaks occur

A

10-12 deg

147
Q

signs of IHN

A

lethargy, decreased appetite, abnormal swimming
sub dermal hemorrhage in fins
pale gills, liver, kidney and spleen
ascites and exophthalmia
fecal casts, yellow/white fluid in GI tract

148
Q

control of IHN

A

good hygiene and disinfections

149
Q

cause of IPN

A

Birnaviridae

150
Q

who does IPN affect

A

young salmonids and eels

151
Q

when do IPN outbreaks occur

A

10 deg

152
Q

signs of IPN

A

abnormal swimming
skin darkening
abdo distension
hemorrhage on ventral surface and edema
catarrhal enteritis and fecal casts

153
Q

prevention of IPN

A

vaccine for Atlantic salmon

154
Q

cause of furunculosis

A

Aeromonas salmonicida spp salmonicida

155
Q

predisposing for furunculosis

A

sudden increase in temp 12-15deg
stress

156
Q

route of entry of furunculosis

A

skin, gills, gut and causes septicaemia

157
Q

types of furunculosis

A

peracute - in juveniles, sudden death with no signs or dark skin and exophthalmia
acute - in growing fish, internal hemorrhage and on fin bases
subacute/chronic - older fish, hemorrhage and furuncles

158
Q

diagnosis of furunculosis

A

isolate from kidneys

159
Q

treatment of furunculosis

A

medicated feed - oxytetracycline, florfenicol, potentiated sulphonamides

160
Q

control of furunculosis

A

good husbandry, disinfect fertilised eggs
vaccinate salmon

161
Q

when do VHS outbreaks occur

A

less than 14 deg
fluctuating temps

162
Q

hosts of VHS

A

salmonids, trout, flatfish, pike

163
Q

cause of Tenabaculosis

A

Tenacibaculum maritum

164
Q

hosts of tenabaculosis

A

Marine fish up to 100g

165
Q

predisposing for tenabaculosis

A

stress
overstocking
sun burn - uv

166
Q

signs of tenabaculosis

A

necrosis on gills
ulcers on skin
rot on fins

167
Q

treatment of tenabaculosis

A

antimicrobials in feed
bath with hydrogen peroxide of formalin

168
Q

what is tenabaculosis known as

A

marine columnaris

169
Q

arthropoda species

A

Argulus foliaceus
Lernaea cyprinacea

170
Q

signs of ectoparasite (arthropoda infections)

A

skin irritation
sudden movements
stop eating
hyperplasia of epithelium
increased mucus production
cloudy skin

171
Q

Mycobacteriosis cause

A

Mycobacterium marinum
also known as Fish tuberculosis
fish handlers disease and swimming pool granuloma

172
Q

cause of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy

A

Nodaviridae

173
Q

who gets VER

A

sea bass an sea bream

174
Q

when does VER occur

A

higher temps - 22deg

175
Q

signs of VER

A

loss of appetite
abnormal swimming
dark pigmentation
swollen swim bladder
belly up at rest
vacuolation and necrosis of nervous cells of spinal cord, brain and or retina
intracytoplasmic inclusions

176
Q

cestode name

A

caryophyllaceus fimbriceps

Fish (1 decks)

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