Exam

Question 1

There are three structural views that represent a coherent set of architectural elements. They are:

Answer 1

Modular, Component-and-connect, and Allocation structural views. All other views are a derivation of the three.

Question 2

The four major architecture elements that concern any Software Architecture design process are:

Answer 2

Architecture characteristics(attributes), Structures(styles), Design Principles and Architecture decisions.

Question 3

SDLC is a predictive process, whereas Agile is an adaptive methodology, which means SDLC may:

Answer 3

Use a software development process such as waterfall model, incremental model, or V-shaped model.

Question 4

The business context in Software architecture design deals mainly with cost and market, it helps in:

Answer 4

Feasibility study, risk analysis, evaluate architectural options, cost estimate and internal planning.

Question 5

The architecture development method defines levels of view for each stakeholder role, such as:

Answer 5

Business, Domain, Solution Design, solution construction views to communicate with stakeholders.

Question 6

The benefits of use cases for software development are many, the most notable ones are:

Answer 6

Help to define the scope, indicator of a project’s size, validate the requirements and communicate with stakeholders.

Question 7

The elements that describe the expression of the quality attribute scenario are:

Answer 7

Environment, Artifact, Response, Response Measure, Source of Stimulus and Stimulus

Question 8

The interoperability is about the degree to which two or more systems can usefully exchange meaningful information, the two important aspects of interoperability are:

Answer 8

The consumer discovery of the service and the handling of the response by the service.

Question 9

Performance is a leading driver for system and software architecture, testing performance would focus on:

Answer 9

Speed issues, data flow bottlenecking and poor scalability when system adjusts to high load sense

Question 10

System security is a high priority for Software architects, and a costly attribute to test. The major concerns in cloud computing are:

Answer 10

Confidentiality, Compliance, Privacy, Auditability and Availability when hosting on a public cloud.

Question 11

According to ISO-9241-11 measuring software usability as a quality attribute involves three areas of concerns. Those are:

Answer 11

Efficiency of the solution, Effectiveness on achieving system goals, and Satisfaction of the system being developed

Question 12

We use modelling techniques to analyse Quality attributes. The queueing model for performance, use these parameters:

Answer 12

The arrival rate of events, queueing discipline, scheduling algorithm, network topology and network bandwidth.

Question 13

Architecture fitness function are any mechanism that provides an objective integrity assessment of QA’s such as

Answer 13

Metrics, Monitors, unit testing libraries, chaos engineering, depending on the way they are used.

Question 14

A case study we presented on qualitative study of architectural design issues in DevOps revealed that the main characteristics of DevOps driven architecture are:

Answer 14

Loosely coupled, prioritizing deployability, testability, supportability, modifiability over other quality attributes.

Question 15

Microservices emerged from DevOps practices of companies to improve product quality and deliver software faster by:

Answer 15

Offering faster deployment CI/CD, reduce software development cost and time, while improving product quality.

Question 16

In Architects role and collaboration, we keep options open with fixed and variable solution intent, to ensure architecture agility process. The fixed solution intent include:

Answer 16

Certain performance specifications, Compliance standards, and Core capabilities defining a solution.

Question 17

In layered architecture , architecture sinkhole anti-pattern is an undesirable behaviour of the system that shows when:

Answer 17

Presentation layer passes a request to business and rules layers that do nothing but pass request to persistent layer.

Question 18

If a payment processing is the domain service representing the core system, where each payment method would be separate plug-in components specific to the payment domain. The best suited architecture style is :

Answer 18

Microkernel style to provide for simplicity, evolution and less cost.

Question 19

In service based architecture style database coupling can present a problem to database table schema changes:

Answer 19

This can be solved by logically partitioning the database and present the partitions through federated shared libraries.

Question 20

In Mickrokernel style Plug-in components are standalone, independent components that contain specialized processing, and additional features, mainly plug-ins provide:

Answer 20

Extensibility, adaptability, isolation of application features and custom processing logic from the core system

Question 21

Synchronous system design is less challenging than asynchronous, it is distinguished by:

Answer 21

The caller service waits for the response from the callee, in real-time handshaking, under the clock discipline.

Question 22

Microservices style is a distributed architecture, promotes the following architectural feature:

Answer 22

Modularity, distributed decoupling, granularity, bounded context and data isolation.

Question 23

The event-driven architectural style is distinguished by:

Answer 23

A distributed asynchronous architecture used to produce highly scalable and high-performance applications.

Question 24

The pub-sub style is an extensible real-time distributed style, It decouples the publisher from the subscriber by:

Answer 24

Using a third component (the broker) to filter all incoming messages and distribute them correctly to subscribers.

Question 25

There are mainly four principles to make your code more reusable:

Answer 25

Modularization, Cohesion, Loose coupling and visible variability features

Question 26

Only one of these are NOT a design principle for software architecture:

Answer 26

Incremental predictive iteration, decoupling minimization.

Question 27

The difference between technical and domain top level partitioning of monolithic architecture is:

Answer 27

technical partitioning aligns closely to layered architecture style and have higher global coupling.

Question 28

The attribute driven design (ADD) has five design steps, its inputs and outputs are:

Answer 28

Inputs: quality attributes, design constraints and functional requirements. Output: software architecture design.

Question 29

The quality attributes can be evaluated using these techniques:

Answer 29

simulation with prototyping, or emulation which also considers hardware and interface configurations.

Question 30

The major benefits of conducting an architecture evaluation are:

Answer 30

expose any potential risk with design, articulate specific qualities, uncover opportunities and inform stakeholders

Question 31

Utility trees are used to prioritize quality attributes scenarios per business and architecture values, this is part of:

Answer 31

ATAM to identify design trade-offs, sensitivity points and risk for a specific architecture quality attribute

Question 32

The architecture design decisions impact several aspects of a specific system quality attribute, such as:

Answer 32

sensitivity points, trade-offs, risk and non-risk of a specific quality attribute

Question 33

The hybrid peer-to-peer architecture style introduces two layers in the control plane, they are:

Answer 33

Peers connecting to ultrapeers as in client-server and ultrapeers connected with each other via peer-to-peer network.

Question 34

The blockchain or digital ledger technology is built upon a five-layered architecture these layers are:

Answer 34

The data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, and application layer.

Question 35

The Hyperledger fabric is an open-source community, enterprise grade, distributed ledger platform, its key features are

Answer 35

Permissioned architecture, highly modular, pluggable consensus and open smart contract.

Question 36

What does the SPL software Architecture describe?

Answer 36

Software product lines (SPLs), or software product line development, refers to software engineering methods, tools and techniques for creating a collection of similar software systems from a shared set of software assets using a common means of production.

Question 37

Software architectural dimensions:

Answer 37

Structure, design principles, architecture characteristics, architecture decisions

Question 38

Sandbox:

Answer 38

is an isolated testing environment that enables users to run programs or open files without affecting the application, system or platform on which they run

Question 39

Tactics:

Answer 39

are design decisions that improve individual quality attribute concerns.
An architectural tactic is a refactoring of an architecture to handle an expected stimulus
and provide a desired response

Question 40

Three principles of cloud-native system:

Answer 40

Design for automation, be aware of the state, always be architecting.

Question 41

There are three architect roles:

Answer 41

Enterprise, solution, system architect.

Question 42

Quanta

Answer 42

An architecture quantum includes all the necessary components to function independently from other parts of the architecture.

Question 43

Design decision criteria:

Answer 43

The domain(analysis and implementation), attributes that impact the architecture, data architecture. Then synchronous vs asynchronous.

Question 44

What is SA evaluation:

Answer 44

It is the process of determining if an architecture is fit for the purpose for which it is intended. It makes sense to be able to provide assurance that all expectations are met.

Question 45

Availability:

Answer 45

is the percentage of time the system is operational. 6-nines. Tactics: fault detection, fault recovery, fault prevention.

Question 46

Performance:

Answer 46

: its about time and the software’s ability to meet timing requirements. Common problems: bottlenecking, poor scalability.

Question 47

Security:

Answer 47

: A system that provides; Confidentiality(protection from unauthorized access),Integrity,(verifiable data are being delivered as intended) availability(will be available for legitimate use), authentication, auditable(tracks activities), compliance and privacy(rules and regulations)

Question 48

Testability:

Answer 48

is to which degree a software or unit under test support its own testing. 30-50% of cost goes to testing.

Question 49

Deployability

Answer 49

refers to a property of software indicating that it may be deployed—that is, allocated to an environment for execution—within a predictable and acceptable amount of time and effort. Moreover, if the new deployment is not meeting its specifications, it may be rolled back, again within a predictable and acceptable amount of time and effort.

Question 50

Fault tolerance

Answer 50

refers to the ability of a system (computer, network, cloud cluster, etc.) to continue operating without interruption when one or more of its components fail.

Question 51

modularity

Answer 51

is the degree to which a system’s components may be separated and recombined, often with the benefit of flexibility and variety in use

Question 52

Scalability.

Answer 52

This quality attribute refers to the ability of a software system to handle the increased load without decreasing its performance.