exam Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
globalization
A
compression of time and space
2
Q
culture, Geert Hofstede
A
collective programming that distinguishes one group from another
3
Q
Hofstede’s 6 cultural dimensions
A
- low (hierarchy) vs high (equality) power distance
- individualism (independence) vs collectivism (interdependence)
masculinity vs femininity (use of force that is endorsed) - low (relaxed) vs high (maintain codes, beliefs, behaviors) uncertainty avoidance
- long term (efforts to prepare for future) vs short term (view societal changes with suspicion (views on change
- indulgence (enjoyment of life) vs restraint (strict social norms)
4
Q
Bacon, 4 idols
A
- Idol of the tribe - culture, upbringing, education defines how we see reality –> social construct
- Idol of the cave - education, books we read, personal truths as universal –> everyone thinks as I do
- idols of the market - reasoning makes up words (same word different meaning)
- idol of the theatre - rely on experience rather than facts
5
Q
cognitive bias
unacceptability bias
confirmation bias
A
shortcuts used by brain to simplify info through personal experience and preference
I don’t accept this so it cannot be true /(invading privacy)
use info to support own ideas, beliefs
6
Q
blasphemy
A
lack of respect towards something sacred
7
Q
social storytelling 3 dimensions
A
- myth - real life event linked to religion
- legends - story about specific p
- fairytale - marvelous
8
Q
4 functions of a myth
A
metaphysical function - awakes a sense of awe and wonder
cosmological - explains how universe works
sociological - sense of belonging, validates social order
pedagogical function - guides through life, connects to others with similar problems
9
Q
world value survey
A
global network that studies changing values –> their impact on social and political life
10
Q
2 dimensions of human values
A
- traditional (religion, traditional family) vs secular-rational (divorce, abortion acceptable)values
- survival (economic and physical security) vs self expression (well-being and quality of life)
11
Q
cognitive dissonance
A
mental conflict that occurs when beliefs or assumptions are contradicted by new information
12
Q
defense mechanisms
A
rejection
explanation
avoidance
preservation
resort
ignorance
13
Q
surveillance capitalism
A
translating human experiences into data, predictions about behavior
14
Q
propaganda
A
forms of expression and communication designed to manipulate public
15
Q
clash of civilization 2 levels
A
microlevel - groups between civilizations struggle to control territory
macrolevel - civilizations compete for military and economic power, struggle to control international institutions and third parties, promote political and religious values
16
Q
strategic mass communication
A
organized communication targeting large audience using media to influence behavior
17
Q
misinformation
A
inform wrongly with no intention to mislead
18
Q
consensual knowledge
A
knowledge considered true enough to be accepted by all
19
Q
2 types of mass communication
A
- disinformation - lies spread on purpose
- propaganda - control people’s beliefs
20
Q
camouflage
A
misleading the opponent with regard to one’s own intentions
21
Q
3 types of propaganda
A
white - origins are known
grey - origins are unknown
black - origins are false
22
Q
6 propaganda principles
A
- undetected
- emotional
- '’cool’’
- binary
- simple
- repetitive
23
Q
3 rules in propaganda
and propaganda is NOT 3 things
A
- ignore the opponents
- reinforce the believers
- seduce the undecided
- dead
- negative
- brainwashing
24
Q
elements of propaganda
A
- symbols
- traditions
- heroes
25
8 techniques of propaganda
1. shift of scene - shift unfavorable conditions by forcing the enemy to go on the defense
2. pinpointing the enemy
3. assertion - positive statements presented as facts
4. bandwagon - persuade audience to act as everyone
5. least of evils - action is undesirable but alternative would result in worse
6. virtue words - words in the value system that produce positive connotation
7. appeal to authority - authority's support is used as evidence
8. card stacking - choose facts that support propaganda
26
fear
- response to physical or emotional danger
- feeling of respect for something powerful
27
declinism (cognitive bias)
predisposition to view past as more favorable and future negativel
28
ecology vs environmental
ecology - study/science of relationship between organisms and their environment
environmentalism - movement that seeks to improve and protect natural environment (ideology)
29
mind bombs
reaching public consciousness through dramatic VIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES
30
third person effect
tendency to think that mass media messages have a greater influence on other people - the third person
31
climate change history in 3 steps
1. denial
2. confusion
3. cooperation
32
gaslighting
manipulate another person into doubting their perception, experience or understanding of events
33
corporate social responsibility
sustainability
greenwashing
indulgence
holiness syndrome
self-regulations to contribute to societal goals
ability to exist constantly
the practice of making misleading claims about the environmental benefits of a product, service, technology, company practice - company appears more environmentally friendly than they really are
reducing the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins
suffering for social sins but then finding redemption through actions
34
global weirding
global warming is not only increasing temperature but also the extreme and atypical weather events
35
future of IGC
1. death of information
2. end of reality
3. virtual isolation
36
metaverse
XR
convergence of physical, virtual reality in a shared online space
networked extended reality
37
conspiracy characteristics
-antidemocratic
-system run by elite, acting on self-intertest
38
conspiracy practices
-gerrymandering - boundaries for a political district to give a political party advantage
-debt industry
-mass surveillance
39
5 enemy-based conspiracy thinking
1. enemy outside -
2. enemy within
3. enemy above - authority, power
4. enemy below - disadvantaged communities seeking to overturn the social order
5. benevolent conspiracies - ET, supernatural or religious forces control humanity
40
shallow conspiracies
deep conspiracies
identifying evidence of wrongdoing and blaming the party that benefits
suspecting a party of wrongdoing and seeking out proof
41
Bari Weiss resignation letter
- due to paper's failure to anticipate outcome of 2016 elections
- paper does not take into account other Americans
-intellectual curiosity and risk taking is now a liability
-discriminations from work environment - called her racist and nazi
42
collective unconscious
something we behave according to the stories
43
archetypes
model of people, behaviors, person
universal patterns that derive from the collective and are counterpart of instinct
44
humor
communication in which the stimulus produces amusement
45
6 common things in CT
1. secret plot
2. group of conspirators
3. evidence that supports
4. no coincidences, everything is connected
5. divide world into good or bad
6. scapegoat - pinpoint the enemy
46
two extreme
1. conspiracies do not exist - truest conspiracies are met with least opposition
2. conspiracies are everywhere
47
dunning-kruger effect
uneducated people think that they are educated at certain topics - overestimate their knowledge
48
imposter phenomenon
idea that you only succeeded due to luck, not because of talent/qualification
49
Carl Sagan tips on facts
1. evidence
2. chain of arguments
3. arguments from experts not authority
50
explaining the world: scientology
1. selling scientology through appeal to authority
2. using halo effect: if succeeds in one field they will in every field
51
2 extremes of Hollywood
1. propaganda (projection)
2. just movies, not that deep
52
hollywood values
1. americana - american dream
2. WASP
3. good vs evil (world is divided)
4. redemption - saving from evil
5. self-made man - against all odds, started from the bottom
6. new world - opposition to old-fashioned values
7. blackface
8. promised land - u go to heaven or hell depending on your sins
9. golden ages - overly positive view on a certain decade
53
3 step classic culture
1. presentation
2. crisis
3. resolution
54
7 ways how movies sell
1. press junkets
2. card stacking
3. selling stuff
4. product placement
5. halo effect
6. selling ideas
7. heroes
55
edutainment
entertainment designed to be educational
56
the world according to hollywood
1. halo effect
2. infotainment
3. projection
4. product placement
57
journalism
yellow journalism
gonzo journalism
new journalism
automated journalism
distribution of news through print, electronic
sensationalized news in newspaper to attract readers
highly personal style of reporting
non-fiction writing
generated by computer programs
58
public relations
public diplomacy
discipline which looks after reputation, aims to influence
promote the national interest through understanding, informing or influencing foreign audience (seduction of nations)
59
PD 5 characteristics
1. social media
2. global brands
3. place branding
4. cultural exchange
5. international broadcasting
60
common characteristics of PR+PD
1. similar goals - trying to control beliefs
2. similar strategies - use of mass communication involving information; true or cannot be proven wrong
3. similar techniques -
- self fulfilling prophecy - predicting behavior
- bandwagon effect
- spin doctor
- pinpoint the enemy
61
4 characteristics between PR and ads
1. control
ads - full control
PR - limited control
2. repetition
ads - recommended
3. attractiveness
ads - important to create image and trust
PR - clear, focused
4. credibility
ads - do not need a factual, cohesive reality
PR - reliable, credible
62
4 dimensions of branding
1. how I perceive
2. how perceived by target audience
3. reality
4. rebranding
63
3 main elements of PR
1. informing
2. persuading
3. integrating
64
purifiers
Destroy books that deem nonsense
65
orientalism
sport diplomacy
oligarchy
panem et circenses
how the west perceives the east
bring people together through a love for sports
control by a small group of people
generating public approval through satisfying the most immediate population by offering bread and entertainment
66
2 ways to repair a broken image
1. through celebrities
2. promotional videos
67
Palestine vs Israel
drama - situation of intense conflict of forces
tragedy - conflict between protagonist and superior force and having disastrous conclusion
68
3 rules of propaganda
1. ignore the opponents
2. reinforce the believers
3. seduce the non believers
69
4 myths of propaganda
1. dead
2. negative or positive
3. brainwashing
4.not everything is propaganda
70
how to avoid propaganda
1. fact check
2. avoid echo chamber - diversity
3.reliability
4. read
5. do not be scared
6. see further
71
aparheid
zionism
hasbara
policy where white minority oppress non-white majority
protect jewish national state in israel
71
aparheid
zionism
hasbara
policy where white minority oppress non-white majority
protect jewish national state in israel
public diplomacy technique, semi-official propaganda, providing a positive image of israel (mossad - national intelligence agency)
72
point scoring
making certain points favorable to the speaker, attacking opposition by undermining their position
73
points that support israel
points that undermine palestine
- israel wants peace
- israel is defening itself against terrorists
- leaderhsip cannot be trusted
- authority is corrupt
- leadership promotes violence and refuse negotiation
- leadership supports terrorists
74
Pallywood
Palestine spreads propaganda through their media
75
terrorism
terrorism by fbi
systematic use of violence to create a general climate of fear, bring political objective
unlawful use of force and violence against people to intimidate government, population
76
4 characteristics of terrorism
1. political
2. violent
3. performed by sub-national or superb-nationals groups
4. use of media
77
conduit metaphor
social noise
terrorist exploitation of mass media to convey their message
art of being noticeable through noisy acts
78
function of terrorism
propaganda of the deed where terrorists send messages to those in power and general public
79
propaganda of the deed
specific political direct action meant to be exemplary to others and serve as catalyst for revolution
80
terrorism is theater because it is 4 things
1. staged
2. scheduled for maximum exposure
3. emotional
4. fighting for a story
81
3 myths about terrorism
1. weapon of the weak
2. weapon of the poor
3. weapon of the rest against the west
82
illusion of safety
cognitive bias to self convince of a feeling of security in a dangerous situation
83
martyr
someone who suffers for the cost
84
guerilla warfare
terrorism
use of violence against military
use of violence against civilians
85
guerilla warfare
terrorism
use of violence against military
use of violence against civilians
