Exam Flashcards
Name 3 types of speeches
legal or forensic, deliberative speeches, ceremonial speeches
What is SOAP
Speaker, Occasion, Audience, Purpose
Name 3 persuasive elements of any speech
Ethos, pathos, logos
What is the structure of a speech?
Beginning, middle, end
Name the 5 canons of ancient rhetoric
Invention, arrangement, style, memory, delivery
Explain the difference between listening and hearing
Listening is making meaning from sound, pattern recognition; hearing is a physiological process
What is the paradox of listening?
good listening is an important skill, but most people are poor listeners
Which 5 listening filters exist?
language, culture, values, beliefs, intentions
Name the difference between active and passive listening
Passive is without understanding; active is with understanding
What is RASA?
Receive, Appropriate, Summarise, Ask
which 9 things hinder us from active listening?
Biology, distractions, preoccupations, anxiety, anticipation, getting lost in detail, lack of interest, jumping to conclusions, rebuttal
Name 4 different types of listening
appreciative, empathetic, comprehensive, critical
Which two components does active listening have?
informational content, emotional import
Which 4 questions should you ask about evidence?
Is it accurate?
Is it taken from objective sources?
Is it relevant to the speaker’s claims?
Is it sufficient to support the speaker’s point?
What does listening for chunks of material mean?
Listen for claims, evidence, illustrations and audience participation
How are words understood in oral and literature cultures
Oral: words are primarily events
Literate: Words are primary artifacts
How does Aristoteles see rhetoric?
As the art of persuasion
What is the structure of a story?
Situation, Action, Resolution
What is the structure of a proposal?
What, why, how
What is the structure of a recommendation?
- Define problem
- Analyse cause
- Develop and weight alternatives
- Make a recommendation
What is the structure of an elevation pitch?
- Who are you?
- What do you do and who do you do it for?
- How does that benefit others?
Name 10 things that decrease nervousness while speaking
- Expect to be nervous
- Prepare
- Practice
- Breathe
- Rehearse
- Focus on your audience
- Simplify
- Visualize success
- Connect with your audience
- Act confident
What is the curse of knowledge?
Tendency to forget what it was like to not know a particular thing, as a result failing to adapt the message to the audience
What is the buyer’s bench?
The buyer’s bench represents the stages people go through before they are ready to buy into your idea.
4 stages:
Awareness
Understanding
Acceptance
buy-in
In which groups did Ronald Reagan segment groups?
- Families
- General audience / nation
- School children
- Soviet union
- Nasa and the space program
What are Robert Caldinis principles of persuasion?
- Reciprocity
- Commitment consistency
- Social proof
- Authority
- Liking
- Scarcity
To what is WIFM connected?
We tend to focus on ourselves and see things from our point of view. So when listening to a speech, we ask ourselves: What is in it for me?
What is ethos?
character of the speaker, credibility
What is pathos?
emotional state of the listener
What is logos?
The force of the speech’s argument
How can you become an active listener?
Listening is a habit to be developed.
Not interrupting others.
Giving undivided attention.
Trying to understand the other person’s point of view.
sending visual clues that you are listening.
i. Focus your listening (focus on the key elements of any speech) ii. Four questions about evidence (accurate, objective, relevant, sufficient) iii. Listen for “Chunks” of material (evidence, illustrations, etc.) iv. Listening for techniques (Introduction, Organization, Language, Delivery) Take effective notes
What are the 4 elements of any speech?
Claims
Evidence
Illustrations
Audience participation
What are claims
Claims are assertions, big idea, main points
What is evidence
backing your claims with statistics etc
What are illustrations
claims in actions through anecdotes, jokes, games
Name 4 elements of listening for technique
- Listen for introduction
- Listen for organization
- Listen for language
- Listen for delivery
Name 4 elements of listening for chunks of material
- For claims
- for evidence
- for illustrations
- for audience participation
Why and how can you take effective notes?
- remembering
- paraphrasing
- focus on take aways
What is the power of the audience?
- The audience decides if we are credible and have authority
- The Audience decides whether our message is compelling
- The Audience decides whether our message is accepted or rejected
Why should you find a common ground with your audience?
Message needs to resonate with your audience
shared experiences
Which 6 questions are relevant to know your audience and the event/ occasion?
- Who are they?
- What do they know?
- About the event or why are they here? How might they resist?
- Segment your audience: how can you best reach them?
- What are their most pressing concerns?
- Why know your audience?
What is Benjamin Zanders message for music?
Everyone will come to love and understand classical music
What is Benjamin Zanders segmentation?
those who love classical music, those who don’t mind classical music, those who never listen to classical music
Name and explain the two types of authority
- Competence authority (credibility bc of authority)
- Character authority (credibility bc of liking)
What are Demosthenes four keys to a great speech?
- a great person
- a great occasion
- a great message
- a great delivery
What is the tension of being
we may not think of ourselves a statesman but we need to be the best version of ourselves
What do Dan and Chip Health say in Make it stick?
- Simplicity
- Unexpectedness
- Concreteness
- Credibility
- Emotions
- Stories
What does be yourself, but a bigger version of you include?
- Be yourself
- Be bigger and louder
- Be dramatic
which 3 things are important for your big idea?
- clear & simple
- relevant
- credible & appropriate
Which 3 speech structures exist?
- Inverted pyramid
- Military leaders BLUF (bottom line up front)
- Hollywood’s high concept pitches
With which 7 ways can you get the audience’s attention? (Importance of the audience)
- Tell a story
- Ask a provocative question
- State a startling fact
- Make a bold assertion
- Cite a penetrating quote
- refer to a current event
- Mix & Match
Which 3 ways exist to chunk your ideas?
- Illustration - evidence - claim
- Claim - illustration - evidence
- Evidence - illustration - claim
What are snap judgements?
we tend to make initial judgements about people in the first 30 sec
How can you make your big idea memorable?
the setup, the pause, the punch line
What is the difference between spoken and written words?
- Spoken words require attention to sound.
- Spoken words need to be conversational
- Spoken words must be immediately understood.
Name 4 rhetorical devices
- Rule of three
- Repetition
- Not his, but that
- Rhetorical questions
Which 10 body language things should you not do?
- the fig leaf
- writing hands
- praying hands
- wagging finger
- the magic wand
- the flapping chicken
- the dancing bear
- the chopping block
- the clenched fist
- the endless loop
What is the difference between influence and persuasion?
influence tries to change what the audience thinks and persuasion tries to get them to change their behaviour
What does Morgan say in his article about authenticity and which 4 tips does he give?
To be credible and authentic, our body language needs to match our spoken language
- Be open to your audience
- Connect with your audience
- Be passionate about your topic
- Listen to your audience
What comes first, competence or warmth to establish trust?
Put strength first to undermine trust, then competence
Which social needs are important?
affiliation, feeling included, in-group vs, out-group
How can we project warmth?
voice
validate feelings
smile
open body language
At which two characteristics do we look acc. to Buddy, Kohl and Neffinger?
How lovable they are and how fearsome
(What are this person’s intentions toward me?
Is he or she capable of acting on those intentions?)
What is the problem with competent but lacking warmth?
Evoke any, respect but also resentment
What is the problems with warm but incompetent?
pity/ compassion but lack of respect
What is the revival of the performative function of language acc to Austin?
Language is often viewed as informative / descriptive. Austin says that language is also performative, language can also be a form of action (speech acts)
E.g. christening of a ship, marriage vows.
Where does rhetoric come from?
Public speaking is rooted in Ancient Greek rhetoric, rooted in the greek polis
Rhetoric refers to the study of persuasion to engage in these practices
Is language learning innate or taught?
Orality is innate, literacy must be learned
What objection does plato have about rhetorics?
Plato ciritisises Rhetoricians for being perverts of the truth and using inadequate psychology
Why are stories important in every speech acc. to Jennifer aaker?
stories are more meaningful_more memorable, impactful and personal_than statistics alone. When used with statistical data, stories are a powerful tool that can help us decide what to believe in a world that is otherwise incredibly over-saturated with information.
intellectual + emotions leed to persuasion
Why storytelling?
stories are memorable, identity-forming, transformative, persuasive, meaningful
What is Pixar’s 4 rule?
once upon a time, every day, until one day
What does Nancy Duarte say about storytelling?
Stories take us from a journey from what is to what can be or could be -> transformative
What does Gustav Freitag say about storytelling?
5 acts: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, denouement
Joseph camper is famous for?
Hero’s journey
