exam Flashcards
1
Q
what are the levels of the socio-ecological model?
A
individual, interpersonal, organisational, community, public policy
2
Q
what is involved in the individual level of the socio-ecological model?
A
knowledge, skills, and attitudes
3
Q
what is involved in the interpersonal level of the socio-ecological model?
A
family, friends, social networks
4
Q
what is involved in the organisational level of the socio-ecological model?
A
organisation and social institutions
5
Q
what is involved in the community level of the socio-ecological model?
A
relationships between organisations
6
Q
what is involved in the public policy level of the socio-ecological model?
A
state, local laws and regulations
7
Q
what are the levels of the iceberg model?
A
state of health (outcomes), biological, behavioural, social and cultural, physical enviro, economic and political
8
Q
what are the downstream factors of the iceberg model?
A
biological and behavioural
9
Q
what are the midstream factors of the iceberg model?
A
social and cultural and physical enviro
10
Q
what are the upstream factors of the iceberg model?
A
economic and political
11
Q
what are the action areas of the Ottawa charter?
A
-strengthening community action
-create supportive enviros
-develop personal skills
-reorient health services
12
Q
what are the three basic strategies of the Ottawa charter?
A
enable, mediate, advocate
13
Q
what are the action areas of the CMCE?
A
-adapt
-advocate
-coach
-collaborate
-consult
-coordinate
-design/build
-educate
-engage
-specialise
14
Q
what is institutionalism as a public policy?
A
institutional output
15
Q
what is the process model as a public policy?
A
political activity
16
Q
what is group theory as a public policy?
A
group equilibrium
17
Q
what is elite theory as a public policy?
A
elite preference
18
Q
what is rationalism as a public policy?
A
maximum social gain
19
Q
what is rationalism as a public policy?
A
maximum social gain
20
Q
what is incrementalism as a public policy?
A
variation on past
21
Q
what is public choice as a public policy?
A
collective decision making by self interested individuals
22
Q
what is system theory as a public policy?
A
system output
23
Q
what does good policy involve?
A
-beneficial to public and respects rights
-consistent with legislative authority
-reflects community vision
-well-informed
-within resource capacity
-easy to interpret
-adaptive
24
Q
what is the ABC of rural health?
A
-Access to health services
-Health behaviours, beliefs and attitudes
-Context
25
what is the ABC of rural health?
-Access to health services
-Health behaviours, beliefs and attitudes
-Context
26
why is there greater exposure to health risks in rural?
> industry- agriculture, grazing, mining, forestry
> associated risks- chemicals, machinery, weight
> enviro- sun, venomous and injurious animals
> distance- long, poor roads, speed
> social norms- smoking, alcohol, risk taking activity
27
what are some negative health behaviours more prevalent in rural communities?
-higher rates of physical activity
-more regular smokers
-harmful alcohol consumption
-more risk-taking activities
-delay seeking health care
-undertake fewer health prevention activities
-more likely to self treat
28
how does physical access limit healthcare in rural areas?
time, distance, cost
29
how does limited local healthcare affect rural areas?
> limited facilities and resources
> limited workforce, relief and back up
> limited skills, experience and expertise
30
characterises health services in rural areas?
> limited facilities and resources
> differing public/private mix
> staff shortages, high workloads and high turnovers
> limited training, expertise and experience
> multi tasking of staff and facilities
> visiting specialist and allied health services
> based on metro models I.e. bio-medical not reflecting community needs
31
what is being utilised in rural communities to improve health access?
Telehealth
32
what are the challenges at the system level for older people?
-funding quality health care
-quality health care for the broad range of health care conditions occurring as people age
-access, equity, quality, and accountability in acute, subacute, community and residential care
-health workforce skill sets, competencies, willingness to work in some geographical areas and willingness to work extended hours
33
what are the challenges at the organisational level for older people?
-staff support
-organisational support
-worker autonomy
-relationships
-care standards
-skill transfer
34
challenges at the direct care level for older people?
-poor staff knowledge of age-related changes in relation to the individual and their cultural expression of changes occurring
-focus on acute illness, ignoring co-morbidities, psychosocial needs
-poor staff communication skills for an ageing health pop of different cultures
-task-oriented services driven by organisational demands/schedules
-use of physical, verbal and chemical restraint to reduce behaviour associated with reduced cognition and abilities
-insufficient systems to prevent risk of injury
-lack of tolerance of service user/family/carer needs, question, complaints and distress
35
what was a commission for older people?
The Productivity Commission Inquiry “Caring For Older Australian”
36
what was the findings of the productivity commission for older people?
-system is difficult to navigate
-services and consumer choice are limited
-quality is variable
-coverage of needs, pricing, subsidies and user co-contributions are inconsistent or inequitable
-workforce are exacerbated by low wages and some workers have insufficient skills
-some regulatory aspects are excessive, unnecessary and/or duplicative
-in need of fundamental reform
37
what are some reforms to date for older people?
-dementia made a national health priority area
-LGBTIQ older Aus now responded to as special needs group
-aged care reform implementation council est.
-strategic workforce advisory group est.
-aged acre financing authority est.
-advisory groups for new home care packages, consumer directed care, gateway, specified care and services est.
38
what are some statistics relating to mental health in aus?
-1 in 5 Australians will experience mental illness
-in 2019, over half of Aus between 18-85 years of age had experienced mental disorder
39
how much higher is suicide outside major cities?
1.3x
40
why is there a higher prevalence of mental health issues in rural areas?
SES disadvantage, harsher natural and social enviro, loneliness and isolation, and fewer health services
41
what are the principles underpinning mental health polices?
> to PROMOTE mental health and wellbeing, and where possible PREVENT development
> to REDUCE IMPACT, including effects of stigma
> to PROMOTE RECOVERY
> to ASSURE THE RIGHTS of people and enable them to participate meaningfully in society
42
what are some national and state mental health policies?
-mental health statement of rights and responsibilities (Aus health ministers 1991)
-national mental health policy 2008
-national mental health strategy (DoH 2014)
-five yearly national mental health plans, the most recent of which- the fifth national mental health and suicide prevention plan- was endorsed by the COAG health council on 4th of Aug 2017
43
when were protection policies put in place for Indigenous Australians?
1890-1937
44
when were assimilation policies put in place for Indigenous Australians?
1938-1968
45
what is cultural awareness?
having knowledge and understanding of history, values, belief systems, experience and lifestyles before, during, and after colonisation or integration
46
what is cultural respect?
about being willing to learn and being open to new ideas, beliefs, and priorities
47
what is effective communication with Indigenous Australians?
-remain open and honest
-allow enough time
-avoid technical language and jargon
-always check to ensure that people have understood what is being said, you may need to repeat info
-acknowledged that you understand certain issues may be embarrassing or difficult to talk about
etc.
47
what is effective communication with Indigenous Australians?
-remain open and honest
-allow enough time
-avoid technical language and jargon
-always check to ensure that people have understood what is being said, you may need to repeat info
-acknowledged that you understand certain issues may be embarrassing or difficult to talk about
etc.
48
how can you understand your own cultural competency?
-awareness of history and consequent multipole losses
-take stock of any prejudices, value judgements you may have
-maintaining a low key, non threatening approach
49
what is fiscal consolidation?
as “concrete policies aimed at reducing government deficits and debt accumulation”
50
what is a changing labor market achieved through in theory?
> operational measures
> programme measures
> revenue raising measures
51
what is the value of work?
-attain income
-psychic good: personal satisfaction, self-worth, happiness, achievement etc.
-social good: we are social beings
-importance to community and society
52
what are some views of work?
> survival
> security
> acceptance
> association with others
> friendship
> self-esteem
53
what is Super's theory of career development?
people progress along a continuum of vocational maturity through five stages
54
what are the five stages of super's theory of career development?
implementation, establishment, maintenance, deceleration, and retirement
55
what are the three ways retirement can be considered?
> process
> paradox
> change
56
what are some Indigenous programs on education?
The Flexible Literacy for Remote Primary Schools Programme and remote schools attendance strategy
57
what does the Flexible Literacy for Remote Primary Schools Programme
direct language program with the goal of enhancing teacher and student literacy skills.
58
what is the goal of the RSAS?
The goal of increasing attendance from 1998-2014, travel assistance (bus runs), nutrition, incentives, increased staffing
59
what are some upstream Indigenous factors?
1967 Referendum: recognition in Australian Constitution
NAEC (1970s)
AEP (1989): national educational reform
Closing the Gap
60
what are some midstream Indigenous factors relating to education?
Social/Cultural/Spiritual:
History of Oppression:
> colonisation
> loss of traditional educational systems, social structures, and cultures
Social Stigma
Physical:
Difficulties with accessing/engaging in education in remote environments:
> large distances to travel to school, limited support, and access to educators/resources
61
what are some downstream Indigenous factors relating to education?
Physical/Biological/Cognitive:
Health issues limit educational participation, Indigenous children experience:
> sickness more often
> increased hearing loss
> poorer nutrition
> increased intellectual disability
> parents are more likely to die young or be chronically ill
Behaviors/Affective:
1 in 5 Indigenous children experienced more than 7 significantly stressful life events within the last year
62
what are some biological downstream factors for homeless people?
Life expectancy can be more than 30 years
Health issues:
Inadequate nutrition, poor dental health, chronic disease, musculoskeletal disorders, skin and foot issues, infectious diseases including HIV, Hep C, and tuberculosis, and mental health issues
63
what are some behavioural downstream factors for homeless people?
Increased risk of violence
Increased substance use
Can arise from childhood experience, education, employment
Basic needs have higher priority than health
64
what are the social midstream factors for homeless people?
Social stigma- substance abuse, mental health illness
Lack of social supports
65
what are the environmental midstream factors for homeless people?
Unsafe, medication being stolen
Issues with access due to public transport, lack of fixed address, and phone
66
what are the upstream factors for homeless people?
COVID and increased cost of living
Centrelink
Medicare
ED Admissions
National Housing and Homelessness Agreement
Homeless Service System
67
what is a program for addressing youth homelessness by interacting with health services?
The Innovative Health Services for Homeless Youth (IHSHY)
68
what is the aim of The Innovative Health Services for Homeless Youth (IHSHY)?
Promote health care and increase access of young people who are experiencing homelessness.
69
what does The Innovative Health Services for Homeless Youth (IHSHY) include?
Counselling
Referrals
Partnerships with schools and organisations in local areas
Targets issues including: smoking, nutrition, sexual helath, substance use
70
what are the needs of the populations in poverty?
Housing, Healthcare, Education, Food, Access to jobs? Heating/cooling/electricity, school resources, Finances, Safety
71
what are some needs of the rural and remote populations?
Access to healthcare
Access to education
Access to safe community spaces
Change in community attitudes
Access to employment
Increased leisure opportunities
Access to medication
72
what is ageing?
Aging is the sequential or progressive change in an organism that leads to an increased risk of debility, disease, and death. (65 and over).
73
What could be the role of an OT in mental health population?
more options & leisure (for people in poverty)
mental health & emotion literacy (those with MH issues)
awareness
education
stigma
group therapy
social network, support
74
what are some issues associated with the indigenous population?
intergenerational trauma + disadvantage
chronic illness
incarceration
education
access to healthcare
poverty
75
what are some roles OTs can have with indigenous peoples?
educate on health services
advocate health services
collaborate with policy makers
engage them in healthier occupations
cultural safety environments to increase occ participation + engagement
empowerment - closing the gap
76
what are some downstream and midstream factors for work?
Cultural-CALD, low SES, Women/Men, Disability, Mental Health issues, Families with abuse/parents with alcohol & drug abuse, or a mental illness, Homeless families.
77
what are some upstream factors for work?
HECS
Having to pay for additional costs - transport, books and resources.
Government policies- 1 or 2 hour of job just to reduce the unemployment rate, still cannot fully support livelihood
78
what role can OTs have with CALD populations?
Advocacy
access to healthcare
integration
employment
Housing
education
occupational identity
cultural norms
79
what is the difference between an asylum seeker and refugee?
asylum seeker until legally recognized as refugee
80
what is a refugee?
A refugee is a person who has fled their own country because they are at risk of serious human rights violations and persecution there
81
what is an asylum seeker?
An asylum-seeker is a person who has left their country and is seeking protection from persecution and serious human rights violations in another country, but who hasn’t yet been legally recognized as a refugee and is waiting to receive a decision on their asylum claim.
82
who are some key stakeholders for refugees and CALD populations?
Government
Legal support
Community
Not for profit organisations
Northern Health
Employers
Outreach teams
Education providers
83
what roles could OTs have with homeless population?
roles and routines
time use
safety
life skills
self care
job skills
interpersonal skills
community access
mental health
84
what are the levels of intervention?
community, population, organisations
85
what is a community?
group of people within a geographical area who
share common services or facilities; share common interests or a
common identity; shared sense of belonging
86
what is a population?
known by their citizenship but members within it may
not always perceive themselves as members of it.
87
what is an organization?
social structures created to manage
simple or complex functions.
88
what is a program for CALD population?
EAL Program for Newly Arrived Students
89
what is the EAL Program for Newly Arrived Students?
Offered by the Victorian Government department of Education and training to students attending state primary and high schools
Attend English language centre for 6 to 12 months in conjunction at the same time as school
Weekly sessions 30 minutes (prep-year 2) and 45 to 60 minutes (year 3-10)
