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exam Flashcards

1
Q

what are the levels of the socio-ecological model?

A

individual, interpersonal, organisational, community, public policy

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2
Q

what is involved in the individual level of the socio-ecological model?

A

knowledge, skills, and attitudes

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3
Q

what is involved in the interpersonal level of the socio-ecological model?

A

family, friends, social networks

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4
Q

what is involved in the organisational level of the socio-ecological model?

A

organisation and social institutions

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5
Q

what is involved in the community level of the socio-ecological model?

A

relationships between organisations

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6
Q

what is involved in the public policy level of the socio-ecological model?

A

state, local laws and regulations

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7
Q

what are the levels of the iceberg model?

A

state of health (outcomes), biological, behavioural, social and cultural, physical enviro, economic and political

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8
Q

what are the downstream factors of the iceberg model?

A

biological and behavioural

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9
Q

what are the midstream factors of the iceberg model?

A

social and cultural and physical enviro

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10
Q

what are the upstream factors of the iceberg model?

A

economic and political

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11
Q

what are the action areas of the Ottawa charter?

A

-strengthening community action
-create supportive enviros
-develop personal skills
-reorient health services

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12
Q

what are the three basic strategies of the Ottawa charter?

A

enable, mediate, advocate

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13
Q

what are the action areas of the CMCE?

A

-adapt
-advocate
-coach
-collaborate
-consult
-coordinate
-design/build
-educate
-engage
-specialise

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14
Q

what is institutionalism as a public policy?

A

institutional output

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15
Q

what is the process model as a public policy?

A

political activity

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16
Q

what is group theory as a public policy?

A

group equilibrium

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17
Q

what is elite theory as a public policy?

A

elite preference

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18
Q

what is rationalism as a public policy?

A

maximum social gain

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19
Q

what is rationalism as a public policy?

A

maximum social gain

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20
Q

what is incrementalism as a public policy?

A

variation on past

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21
Q

what is public choice as a public policy?

A

collective decision making by self interested individuals

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22
Q

what is system theory as a public policy?

A

system output

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23
Q

what does good policy involve?

A

-beneficial to public and respects rights

-consistent with legislative authority

-reflects community vision

-well-informed

-within resource capacity

-easy to interpret

-adaptive

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24
Q

what is the ABC of rural health?

A

-Access to health services

-Health behaviours, beliefs and attitudes

-Context

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25
Q

what is the ABC of rural health?

A

-Access to health services

-Health behaviours, beliefs and attitudes

-Context

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26
Q

why is there greater exposure to health risks in rural?

A

> industry- agriculture, grazing, mining, forestry
> associated risks- chemicals, machinery, weight
> enviro- sun, venomous and injurious animals
> distance- long, poor roads, speed
> social norms- smoking, alcohol, risk taking activity

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27
Q

what are some negative health behaviours more prevalent in rural communities?

A

-higher rates of physical activity

-more regular smokers

-harmful alcohol consumption
-more risk-taking activities

-delay seeking health care

-undertake fewer health prevention activities

-more likely to self treat

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28
Q

how does physical access limit healthcare in rural areas?

A

time, distance, cost

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29
Q

how does limited local healthcare affect rural areas?

A

> limited facilities and resources
> limited workforce, relief and back up
> limited skills, experience and expertise

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30
Q

characterises health services in rural areas?

A

> limited facilities and resources
> differing public/private mix
> staff shortages, high workloads and high turnovers
> limited training, expertise and experience
> multi tasking of staff and facilities
> visiting specialist and allied health services
> based on metro models I.e. bio-medical not reflecting community needs

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31
Q

what is being utilised in rural communities to improve health access?

A

Telehealth

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32
Q

what are the challenges at the system level for older people?

A

-funding quality health care

-quality health care for the broad range of health care conditions occurring as people age

-access, equity, quality, and accountability in acute, subacute, community and residential care

-health workforce skill sets, competencies, willingness to work in some geographical areas and willingness to work extended hours

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33
Q

what are the challenges at the organisational level for older people?

A

-staff support

-organisational support

-worker autonomy

-relationships

-care standards

-skill transfer

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34
Q

challenges at the direct care level for older people?

A

-poor staff knowledge of age-related changes in relation to the individual and their cultural expression of changes occurring

-focus on acute illness, ignoring co-morbidities, psychosocial needs

-poor staff communication skills for an ageing health pop of different cultures

-task-oriented services driven by organisational demands/schedules

-use of physical, verbal and chemical restraint to reduce behaviour associated with reduced cognition and abilities

-insufficient systems to prevent risk of injury

-lack of tolerance of service user/family/carer needs, question, complaints and distress

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35
Q

what was a commission for older people?

A

The Productivity Commission Inquiry “Caring For Older Australian”

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36
Q

what was the findings of the productivity commission for older people?

A

-system is difficult to navigate

-services and consumer choice are limited

-quality is variable

-coverage of needs, pricing, subsidies and user co-contributions are inconsistent or inequitable

-workforce are exacerbated by low wages and some workers have insufficient skills

-some regulatory aspects are excessive, unnecessary and/or duplicative

-in need of fundamental reform

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37
Q

what are some reforms to date for older people?

A

-dementia made a national health priority area

-LGBTIQ older Aus now responded to as special needs group

-aged care reform implementation council est.

-strategic workforce advisory group est.

-aged acre financing authority est.

-advisory groups for new home care packages, consumer directed care, gateway, specified care and services est.

38
Q

what are some statistics relating to mental health in aus?

A

-1 in 5 Australians will experience mental illness

-in 2019, over half of Aus between 18-85 years of age had experienced mental disorder

39
Q

how much higher is suicide outside major cities?

A

1.3x

40
Q

why is there a higher prevalence of mental health issues in rural areas?

A

SES disadvantage, harsher natural and social enviro, loneliness and isolation, and fewer health services

41
Q

what are the principles underpinning mental health polices?

A

> to PROMOTE mental health and wellbeing, and where possible PREVENT development
> to REDUCE IMPACT, including effects of stigma
> to PROMOTE RECOVERY
> to ASSURE THE RIGHTS of people and enable them to participate meaningfully in society

42
Q

what are some national and state mental health policies?

A

-mental health statement of rights and responsibilities (Aus health ministers 1991)

-national mental health policy 2008

-national mental health strategy (DoH 2014)

-five yearly national mental health plans, the most recent of which- the fifth national mental health and suicide prevention plan- was endorsed by the COAG health council on 4th of Aug 2017

43
Q

when were protection policies put in place for Indigenous Australians?

A

1890-1937

44
Q

when were assimilation policies put in place for Indigenous Australians?

A

1938-1968

45
Q

what is cultural awareness?

A

having knowledge and understanding of history, values, belief systems, experience and lifestyles before, during, and after colonisation or integration

46
Q

what is cultural respect?

A

about being willing to learn and being open to new ideas, beliefs, and priorities

47
Q

what is effective communication with Indigenous Australians?

A

-remain open and honest

-allow enough time

-avoid technical language and jargon

-always check to ensure that people have understood what is being said, you may need to repeat info

-acknowledged that you understand certain issues may be embarrassing or difficult to talk about
etc.

47
Q

what is effective communication with Indigenous Australians?

A

-remain open and honest

-allow enough time

-avoid technical language and jargon

-always check to ensure that people have understood what is being said, you may need to repeat info

-acknowledged that you understand certain issues may be embarrassing or difficult to talk about
etc.

48
Q

how can you understand your own cultural competency?

A

-awareness of history and consequent multipole losses

-take stock of any prejudices, value judgements you may have

-maintaining a low key, non threatening approach

49
Q

what is fiscal consolidation?

A

as “concrete policies aimed at reducing government deficits and debt accumulation”

50
Q

what is a changing labor market achieved through in theory?

A

> operational measures
> programme measures
> revenue raising measures

51
Q

what is the value of work?

A

-attain income

-psychic good: personal satisfaction, self-worth, happiness, achievement etc.

-social good: we are social beings

-importance to community and society

52
Q

what are some views of work?

A

> survival
> security
> acceptance
> association with others
> friendship
> self-esteem

53
Q

what is Super’s theory of career development?

A

people progress along a continuum of vocational maturity through five stages

54
Q

what are the five stages of super’s theory of career development?

A

implementation, establishment, maintenance, deceleration, and retirement

55
Q

what are the three ways retirement can be considered?

A

> process
> paradox
> change

56
Q

what are some Indigenous programs on education?

A

The Flexible Literacy for Remote Primary Schools Programme and remote schools attendance strategy

57
Q

what does the Flexible Literacy for Remote Primary Schools Programme

A

direct language program with the goal of enhancing teacher and student literacy skills.

58
Q

what is the goal of the RSAS?

A

The goal of increasing attendance from 1998-2014, travel assistance (bus runs), nutrition, incentives, increased staffing

59
Q

what are some upstream Indigenous factors?

A

1967 Referendum: recognition in Australian Constitution

NAEC (1970s)

AEP (1989): national educational reform

Closing the Gap

60
Q

what are some midstream Indigenous factors relating to education?

A

Social/Cultural/Spiritual:
History of Oppression:
> colonisation
> loss of traditional educational systems, social structures, and cultures
Social Stigma

Physical:
Difficulties with accessing/engaging in education in remote environments:
> large distances to travel to school, limited support, and access to educators/resources

61
Q

what are some downstream Indigenous factors relating to education?

A

Physical/Biological/Cognitive:
Health issues limit educational participation, Indigenous children experience:
> sickness more often
> increased hearing loss
> poorer nutrition
> increased intellectual disability
> parents are more likely to die young or be chronically ill

Behaviors/Affective:
1 in 5 Indigenous children experienced more than 7 significantly stressful life events within the last year

62
Q

what are some biological downstream factors for homeless people?

A

Life expectancy can be more than 30 years

Health issues:
Inadequate nutrition, poor dental health, chronic disease, musculoskeletal disorders, skin and foot issues, infectious diseases including HIV, Hep C, and tuberculosis, and mental health issues

63
Q

what are some behavioural downstream factors for homeless people?

A

Increased risk of violence
Increased substance use
Can arise from childhood experience, education, employment
Basic needs have higher priority than health

64
Q

what are the social midstream factors for homeless people?

A

Social stigma- substance abuse, mental health illness
Lack of social supports

65
Q

what are the environmental midstream factors for homeless people?

A

Unsafe, medication being stolen

Issues with access due to public transport, lack of fixed address, and phone

66
Q

what are the upstream factors for homeless people?

A

COVID and increased cost of living

Centrelink

Medicare

ED Admissions

National Housing and Homelessness Agreement

Homeless Service System

67
Q

what is a program for addressing youth homelessness by interacting with health services?

A

The Innovative Health Services for Homeless Youth (IHSHY)

68
Q

what is the aim of The Innovative Health Services for Homeless Youth (IHSHY)?

A

Promote health care and increase access of young people who are experiencing homelessness.

69
Q

what does The Innovative Health Services for Homeless Youth (IHSHY) include?

A

Counselling
Referrals
Partnerships with schools and organisations in local areas
Targets issues including: smoking, nutrition, sexual helath, substance use

70
Q

what are the needs of the populations in poverty?

A

Housing, Healthcare, Education, Food, Access to jobs? Heating/cooling/electricity, school resources, Finances, Safety

71
Q

what are some needs of the rural and remote populations?

A

Access to healthcare
Access to education
Access to safe community spaces
Change in community attitudes
Access to employment
Increased leisure opportunities
Access to medication

72
Q

what is ageing?

A

Aging is the sequential or progressive change in an organism that leads to an increased risk of debility, disease, and death. (65 and over).

73
Q

What could be the role of an OT in mental health population?

A

more options & leisure (for people in poverty)
mental health & emotion literacy (those with MH issues)
awareness
education
stigma
group therapy
social network, support

74
Q

what are some issues associated with the indigenous population?

A

intergenerational trauma + disadvantage
chronic illness
incarceration
education
access to healthcare
poverty

75
Q

what are some roles OTs can have with indigenous peoples?

A

educate on health services
advocate health services
collaborate with policy makers
engage them in healthier occupations
cultural safety environments to increase occ participation + engagement
empowerment - closing the gap

76
Q

what are some downstream and midstream factors for work?

A

Cultural-CALD, low SES, Women/Men, Disability, Mental Health issues, Families with abuse/parents with alcohol & drug abuse, or a mental illness, Homeless families.

77
Q

what are some upstream factors for work?

A

HECS

Having to pay for additional costs - transport, books and resources.

Government policies- 1 or 2 hour of job just to reduce the unemployment rate, still cannot fully support livelihood

78
Q

what role can OTs have with CALD populations?

A

Advocacy
access to healthcare
integration
employment
Housing
education
occupational identity
cultural norms

79
Q

what is the difference between an asylum seeker and refugee?

A

asylum seeker until legally recognized as refugee

80
Q

what is a refugee?

A

A refugee is a person who has fled their own country because they are at risk of serious human rights violations and persecution there

81
Q

what is an asylum seeker?

A

An asylum-seeker is a person who has left their country and is seeking protection from persecution and serious human rights violations in another country, but who hasn’t yet been legally recognized as a refugee and is waiting to receive a decision on their asylum claim.

82
Q

who are some key stakeholders for refugees and CALD populations?

A

Government
Legal support
Community
Not for profit organisations
Northern Health
Employers
Outreach teams
Education providers

83
Q

what roles could OTs have with homeless population?

A

roles and routines
time use
safety
life skills
self care
job skills
interpersonal skills
community access
mental health

84
Q

what are the levels of intervention?

A

community, population, organisations

85
Q

what is a community?

A

group of people within a geographical area who
share common services or facilities; share common interests or a
common identity; shared sense of belonging

86
Q

what is a population?

A

known by their citizenship but members within it may
not always perceive themselves as members of it.

87
Q

what is an organization?

A

social structures created to manage
simple or complex functions.

88
Q

what is a program for CALD population?

A

EAL Program for Newly Arrived Students

89
Q

what is the EAL Program for Newly Arrived Students?

A

Offered by the Victorian Government department of Education and training to students attending state primary and high schools
Attend English language centre for 6 to 12 months in conjunction at the same time as school
Weekly sessions 30 minutes (prep-year 2) and 45 to 60 minutes (year 3-10)

population health (1 decks)

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