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1
Q

what is abnormal behaviour?

A

Personal distress and impairment
Disability or dysfunction
Unexpectedness
Statistical infrequency
Violation of social norms

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2
Q

history of abnormal psych

A

Supernatural
Biological
Psychological
Behavioural

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3
Q

supernatural - history

A
  • Battle between good and evil - deviant behaviour
  • Demons and witches
  • Stress and melancholy
  • Possession
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4
Q

biological - history

A
  • Move from supernatural to natural
  • The word hysteria coins
  • Discovery of syphilis
  • Biological causes for psychological disorders
  • Psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease
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5
Q

psychological - history

A

-Asylums
- Move to community
- Psychoanalytical theory
- Humanistic theory

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6
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

-Freud
- Discovery of the unconscious
- Structure of the mind
- Id: seeks to attain pleasure, instinctual
- Ego: seeks to act realistically
- Superego: seeks to counteract aggressive and sexual drives

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7
Q

humanistic theory

A

-Emphasizes the positive and optimistic side of human nature
- People are striving for self-actualization, reaching our full potential
- Free will and choice

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8
Q

behavioural

A
  • A more scientific approach to psychopathology
  • Pavlov’s dog
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9
Q

classical conditioning

A

neutral stimulus paired with a response until it elicits that response

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10
Q

operant conditioning

A

behaviours lead to consequences that either reinforce or punish the organism, leading to increased or decreased probability of a future response

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11
Q

negative reinforcement

A

removal of something bad

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12
Q

negative punishment

A

removal of something good

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13
Q

schemas

A
  • idea of how things are supposed to go
  • expectations/groups of similar information
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14
Q

aaron beck

A
  • cognitive therapy for depression
  • Negative thinking causes depression not other way around
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15
Q

Albert Ellis

A
  • ABC approach
  • Activating events are shaped by and then produced into certain consequences for mental health
  • negative event (a) causes beliefs (b) causes emotion (c)
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16
Q

Cultural, social, and interpersonal

A

Social factors
Health care
Environmental stressors
Diathesis-stress paradigm
Biopsychosocial paradigm

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17
Q

Assessing Clinical Disorders

A

-Clinical assessments are designed to determine the cognitive, emotional, personality and behavioural factors in psychological functioning
- Reliability (consistent results)
- Validity (relevant, measures target variable)
- Standardization(consistent methodology/process)

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18
Q

genotype

A

internal genetic makeup

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19
Q

phenotype

A

observable characteristics

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20
Q

Clinical interview

A
  1. Identify data
  2. Description of presenting problem
  3. Psychosocial history
  4. Medical/psychiatric history
  5. Medical problems/medication
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21
Q

The Mental Status Exam

A
  1. Appearance and behavior
  2. Thought processes
  3. Mood and affect
  4. Intellectual functioning
  5. Sensorism
22
Q

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
(DSM)

A
  • Designed to provide a uniform system of
    classification
  • Most recent is the DSM-5
  • The DSM-5 may present some issues around comorbidity
23
Q

Classification and Diagnosis - Benefits to Classification

A
  • Defines problems
  • Allows for communication
  • Research
  • Treatment
24
Q

Types of psychological assessments

A
  • Projective (Rorschach test)
  • Personality inventories (Assessing personality)
  • Intelligence tests (IQ testing)
25
Abnormal psychology
the branch of psychology that deals with the description, causes, and treatment of abnormal behaviour patterns.
26
Psychological disorder
Psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.
27
Psychopathology
The scientific study of psychological disorders.
28
Personal Distress & Impairment
A behaviour that creates personal suffering, distress, or torment in the person
29
Disability or Dysfunction
A behaviour that causes impairment in some important area of life, e.g., work, personal relationships, or recreational activities
30
Psychological dysfunction
a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behaviour functioning
31
Unexpectedness
A surprising or out-of-proportion response to environmental stressors can be considered abnormal
32
Statistical Infrequency
A behaviour that occurs rarely or infrequently
33
Violation of Norms
A behaviour that defies or goes against social norms; it either threatens or makes anxious those observing it
34
Somatogenesis
Mental disorders are caused by aberrant functioning in the soma (i.e., physical body) and this disturbs thought and action
35
Psychogenesis
Mental disorders have their origin in psychological malfunctions
36
Hippocrates
Separated medicine from religion, magic, and superstition
37
Paradigm
a set of basic assumptions, a general perspective
38
Sigmund Freud
39
ID
most primitive of the components, present at birth, contain our primitive instincts, basic urges for food, water, warmth, affection, operate on a pleasure principle, satisfying needs and fantasy, when ID isn’t satisfied, tensions produce
40
EGO
primarily continuous, develops from ID, deals with reality, mediates between demands of reality and immediate gratification/ instinct of desires of ID, planning/decision-making functions, operating on pleasure principle at all times isn’t most effective
41
Superego
operates as a conscious process, develops throughout childhood, develops from ego, incorporates the values of parents/ important figures, functions as moral conscious, carrier of current society’s moral values. Ex. children discover that many impulses such as biting and bed wetting aren’t acceptable to their parents, they incorporate those parental values as their own for parental approval
42
Freud's psychosexual stages of development
Oral (0-2) Anal (2-3) Phallic (3-7) Latency (7-11) Adult (11-adult)
43
Freud Criticism
- Theories based on anecdotes during therapy sessions are not grounded in objectivity, thus, not scientific - Freud’s observations, recollections could be unreliable
44
Freud Contributions
- Childhood experiences help shape adult personality - There are unconscious influences on behaviour - People use defense mechanisms to control anxiety and stress
45
Aaron Beck
- Depression arises from errors in thinking or “cognitive distortions,” - E.g. judging oneself entirely on the basis of one’s flaws or failures and interpreting events in a negative light
46
Beck stresses the four basic types of cognitive distortions that contribute to emotional distress:
- Selective abstraction - Overgeneralization - Magnification - Absolutist thinking
47
Albert Ellis
- Troubling events in themselves do not lead to anxiety, depression, or disturbed behavior; JUDGEMENTS do - “ABC approach” to explain the causes of the misery: Activating event (A) and the consequences (C) are mediated by various (irrational) beliefs (B) - Being fired is an activating event (A). The ultimate outcome, or consequence (C), is emotional distress.
48
Each neuron has four major parts:
(1) the cell body (2) several dendrites (3) one or more axons of varying lengths (4) terminal buttons
49
pinel
- movement for humanitarian treatment for the mentally ill - believed patients should be treated with dignity - removed chains from prisons, replaced dungeons
50
behavioural assessments focus on
antecedents, behaviour, consequences
51
brain structure images
- size of parts of the brain - CAT scan - MRI
52
brain function images
- function - PET scan - fMRI

abnormal psych (3 decks)

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