Exam Flashcards
Stages of relationship development
- Initiation
- Experimental (Find out more about person)
- Intensification (Friendship develops)
- Integration (When path forward is connected and influenced by other person)
- Bonding (When we feel connected in partnership)
- Differentiating (When we work to stake individuality and autonomy. This is when relationship is developed and strengthened.
4 stages of relationship decline
- Circumscribing (When we don’t talk to the person as much as we did)
- Stagnation (Relationship quality declines significantly)
- Avoidance (When person tries to stop communicating with others)
- Termination (Communication is completely cut off)
Three conflicting elements of interpersonal relationship dialects.
- Connection vs. Autonomy
- Predictability vs. Novelty
- Openness vs. Privacy
Facework
When you show a version of yourself to the public. Different setting may elicit different versions of yourself.
Confirming Responses
Acknowledging that other people are valuable in our interpersonal relationships. Positive messages can improve quality of relationship. Disconfirming messages can be eye rolling, shrugging, negative words.
Evaluative message
Peoples tendency to evaluate or judge what someone thinks or feels.
Ad Hominem Attack
Trying to discredit the individuals character rather than critique their ideals. Ex. “You’re an idiot” rather than constructive feedback without judgment.
Controlling messages
Instead of getting advice and ideas, you impose your own ideas. Showing dominance and imply superiority over others. Suggesting others opinion isn’t important.
Communication compentence
having the skills to achieve goals of interpersonal situation and perspectives can improve your interpersonal relationships.
Situational awareness
Understand contact in which interpersonal communication occurs and which techniques to use in each situation. (People interact different at school than at home or sports game).
Self-knowledge
Understand your own strengths and weakness and communication style. Awareness of verbal and non-verbal behavior is important to identify impressions that your project to others.
Audience understanding
Recognizing that the person on the other end of the communication matters as much as you. This person has different background, needs, education, culture, and attitudes.
Ambiguity
Imprecise speech that people can interpret in many different ways, and not necessarily ways you intend.
Equivocation
When ambiguity is used deliberately to avoid making a clear point. Ex. Vague statement designed to be interpreted in a number of ways.
Euphemism
When someone says something using positive language to deliver a negative point. Ex “someone left the company” rather than “someone got fired”.
Veil of ignorance
A thought experiment a philosopher (John Rawls) thinks you should make before making a decision.
After making a decision, image you are on the receiving end. How would you feel?
Most people think their attitudes and opinions matter most. Interpersonal relationships can fracture as you offend people by thinking they agree with you. Humility is important. Once this is acknowledged, you can some into interpersonal relationships with open and welcoming mind.
Tolerance
When you can recognize another persons opinions and attitudes are varies and different just as valuable as your own.
Helps to maintain and improve interpersonal relationships.
Self-serving bias
When we don’t blame or criticize ourselves when things go wrong. We all tend to have it. We believe all problems come from external sources.
Emotional intelligence
Ability to understand ones own feelings and those of others, motivating ourselves, and keeping our emotions controlled.
Self-regulation
Ability to control emotions and desires. Children who can resist temptations have better like outcomes in school and work as they get older.
Non-verbal behviours
Any communication that does not use words. Can include sounds or body language.
Channel discrepency
When people speak one way, and behave physically another. This is confusing.
Schemas
Experiences you recall from the past to understand and deal with people, situations, and roles in the present. It helps us make sense of non-verbal behaviours we’re seeing from others.
Identity management
Large process of projecting your identity non-verbally.
Paralanguage
Anything you do with your voice that isn’t words. (Speed, volume, tone, all elements that say something about you and make meaning).
Kinesics
Posture and gestures. The way you stand and the way your hands move give off meaning
Proxemics
Distance of space in interpersonal relationship. Environments have different requirements for space. Work vs bar vs school vs romantic relationship.
Chronemics
The role time plays in interpersonal relationship. At work, people run on schedule, defined by unit of time.
Vocal emphasis
Where you put emphasis on the word can change its meaning.
What the following can mean when talking: Pausing Pitch Sign Clearing throat Clear throat and turn eyes Laugh
Pausing: With addition of filler words like umm, uhh, can distract the message or suggest nervousness.
Pitch: Tendency to go up at the end of statement suggests you are unsure about what you are saying.
Sigh: Can suggest frustration
Clear throat: Used as interruption
Clear throat and turn eyes: Telling conversation partner someone else has entered the room
Laugh: Could mean agreement or disagreement with what someone has said
Personal distance
18 inches to 4 feet
Social distance
4 to 12 feet. Business meetings
Divergence
Speaking differently than others on purpose to distinguish ones self from them. Ex. Jargon
Hedging
Using words like “maybe” or “possibly” phrases like “this might not be a good idea but…”
These phrases lack confidence.
Identity
Collection of characteristics that fit together in a package to define who you are to others. Many factors influence this, including biological ones and social ones.
Can be professional, personal, and private.
3 factors effecting identity
Place
Appearance
Behaviour
3 principles for effective meeting communication
- Should be held for good reason. Some problems can be solves in emails.
- Problems/issues should be listed on agenda prior to meeting with defined length. Goal is to stick to agenda. Could ruin post meetings plans and tire participants.
- In meeting, people must understand roles and rules. Who will lead meeting and keep on track? Speaking order? How will decisions be made? Take minutes?
Symbols
Something that stands for something else.
- Letters creating words that mean something.
- Hand gestures
- Distance between people
6 Stages of developing relationship
- Initiation
- Experimental (find out more)
- Intensification (Working friendship develops)
- Integrating (When path forward is connected and influenced by other person)
- Bonding stage (Feeling connected in partnership)
- Differentiating (Working to stake out individuality and autonomy as we interact with others. Relationship is developed and strengthened)
Relationship decline 4 stages
- Circumscribing (Not talking as much as you did)
- Stagnating (Relationship quality declines significantly)
- Avoidance (people try to stop communicating)
- Termination (Communication is cut off)
Communication conflicts (3)
- Connection vs. autonomy (Some people enjoy working alone more than working and communicating with a team)
- Predictability vs. novelty (Predictability is enjoyable in people such as bosses and teachers, but learning new things about coworkers can be enjoyable too)
- Openness vs. privacy (More private at work and more open in intimate relationships… but opening up at work can create bonds… fine line)
Group dynamics (with 3+ people)
Groups including 3 or more people can create coalition to pressure other members to do what they want. Does not occur with 2 people.