Exam Flashcards
Trait vs. state
Trait - longer period of time
state - depends on external environment (ex. more aggressive in heat)
What is the Barnum Effect
Social experiment where everyone got the same result after completing a survey
- result seems specific - acc uses vague details resulting in people being able to adjust it for them
What are the dimensions of the The Big Five (aka the OCEAN model)?
- Openness to experience
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
What are the components of the HEXACO test?
- Honesty-Humility
- Emotionality
- eXtraversion
- Agreeableness
- Conscientiousness
- Openness
What is the dark Triad?
narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy
inverse relationship with Honesty-humility
Where do you put superscripts when citing in text?
Outside - periods, quotation marks, commas
Inside - colons, semicolons
What grade level should health information be written at?
Grade 8
What is the strongest predictor of an individual’s health status?
Literacy skills
How to write in patient friendly language
Tone = conversational (friendly but professional)
Language - straightforward (do not use artificial language)
Use personal pronouns
Active voice
Use shorter sentences
Avoid medical terminology and acronyms
Active voice
subject + verb + object
Example: Anna painted a house
(passive: The house was painted by Anna)
How many words in a sentence? How many words in a paragraph?
< 20 words, no more than 6 sentences
How to reduce sentence length
- Remove clutter (am of the opinion that -> think)
- Eliminate qualifiers (very, exactly)
- Remove redundancies (personal opinion)
How do you target the skim and scan reader?
- Short
- White space
- Headings
- Use charts to show similarities and differences
- Use pictures
- Use bullet points
How should prescriptions bottles be labeled?
- Important information should appear at the top:
- Patient’s name
- Brand and generic drug name
- Drug strength
- Instructions for use
- Less important information should appear at the bottom:
- Pharmacy name and phone number
- Prescriber name
- Refill information
Notes for prescription labeling
Use numbers instead of writing them:
write “Take 2 tablets in the morning” rather than “Take two tablets in the morning”
Explicitly convey when and how many:
write “Take 1 tablet in the morning and 1 tablet in the evening” rather than “Take 1 tablet twice daily”
Checklist for improving usability of health information:
1) Identify the intended users
2) Limit the number of messages
3) Use plain language and limit jargon
4) Focus on behaviour (i.e. use active voice)
5) Check for understanding (use the teach back or “show me” method)
6) Supplement with pictures where appropriate
What are characteristics of good documentation?
1) Factual
2) Complete
3) Current (timely)
4) Organized
What is a SOAP note?
Template for sharing information among health care professionals
What is “S” in SOAP
Subjective
- What the patient tells you
• e.g., symptoms as expressed by the patient or caregiver
What is “O” in SOAP
Objective
- Measurements acquired through the 5 senses
• e.g., blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, skin colour
- Results from diagnostic testing
What is “A” in SOAP
Assessment
- Description of drug-related problem(s) prioritized according to importance
• e.g., “_____ is at risk of _____ because of _____ and requires _____”
- List and briefly discuss therapeutic alternatives
• Considering the safety, efficacy, cost & convenience of each
What is “P” in SOAP
Plan
- Detailed action plan for the patient and health care team
• e.g., stop ‘XYZ’; start ‘ABC’; monitor for ‘N’ days
- Use strong verbs as first word
• Begin, continue, eliminate
• Inform, counsel, educate
• Monitor, follow up
What are the four temperaments and how are the represented in Pharmacy?
Guardians/SJ/Yellow
- overrepresented
Artisans/SP/Red
- underrepresented
Idealists/NF/Blue
Rationals/NT/greens
Learning Styles for SJs/Guardians/Golds
Yes: Clear, precise, concrete instructions Structured courses and programs Traditional style of teaching – the instructor is the “expert” Multiple choice exams
No
- Abstract, unstructured lectures and courses
- “Winging it”
Learning Style for SPs/Artisans/Oranges
YES Hands-on exercises Activity and movement Presenting Competition
NO
All lecture, few breaks
Rigidly structured assignments and classes
Learning style for NFs/Idealists/Blues
YES Group work Classes and assignments that stimulate imagination Essay style exams
NO
Classes with lots of criticism of self or others
Multiple choice exams
Learning Styles for NTs/Rationals/Greens
YES
Courses that are “intellectual” and involve theory
Courses that demand logical thinking and problem solving
Complex topics
Independent study
NO
Do not suffer fools well
Subjects/assignments perceived as irrelevant
What are the 3 types of learning styles
- Visual
- Auditory
- Kinesthetic
Learning style of visual learners
- most common learning style (65%)
Learn by seeing and reading
Think in pictures
Make outlines and lists
Especially sensitive to non-verbal cues
Write information over & over to memorize
Traditional lecture style is not completely effective for this group
Learning style for auditory learners
Learn by listening and speaking
Especially sensitive to tone and speech nuances
Read out loud or talk to themselves
Create mnemonics and repeat information over & over to memorize
Traditional lecture style is generally effective for this group
Learning style for Kinesthetic learners
- most common in children
Learn by touching and doing
Prefer learning a skill to acquiring information
Multitask well
Need frequent breaks
May study with music on; movement facilitates learning
Traditional lecture style is difficult for this group
What are the 3 types of speeches
- Impromptu
- extemporaneous (not scripted)
- memorized/prepared
What is an informative presentation
Goal - facilitate learning
content - fact-based
role - teacher
What are key considerations for informative presentations
audience, content, organization, delivery
What is the Tell Em Rule
- Intro - Tell ’em what you’re going to tell ’em
- Body - Tell ‘em
- Conclusion - Tell ’em what you told ’em
What is the most important element in a presentation
- Intro (have 15s to grab attention)
What is Albert Mehrabian’s Communication Model
- 55% of communication = non-verbal
- 38% = words
- 7% = tone
What is persuasive communication
Goal - encourage action
Content - Often includes an emotional element or problem-solving
Role - motivator
What is the WIFM principle?
WHATS IN IT FOR ME?
Keys to Effective Selling
1) Know the target audience
• Determine what they need
2) Demonstrate how your solution meets their needs
• Including their logical and emotional needs
3) Establish your credibility and that of your “product”
• Using reliable evidence and references
4) Create urgency to act NOW
Aristotle methods to make argument compelling
- Logic/logos - facts/evidence
- Credibility/ethos - reference to experts or reputation
- Emotion/pathos - urgency/emotional appeal
What is the rule of threes?
Use a list of three or structure of 3 to make something stick
What is prioritized in an Op-ed
- Logic
- Credibility
- Emotion
What is prioritized in a presentation?
- Emotion
- Credibility
- Logic
What is the stages of change model
- used in motivational interviewing
- patients commitment to change increases as stage of change increases
- pre-contemplation 2. contemplation 3. preparation 4. action 5. maintenance
What are the main components of interpersonal communication
Audience-sensitive language Organization Nonverbal Active listening Empathy Questioning Assertiveness
Elements of nonverbal communication
- eye contact
- body movements
- facial expressions
- appearance
- personal space
- touch (hand shaking)
What is the active listening process
- attending
- understanding
- evaluating
- responding (empathetically)
- remembering
What is a closed question
Produces one-word answer
- starts with Are, do, did, who, when, where, which, will, is, etc
What is an open question
Produce lengthier and sometimes more time-efficient responses
- start with… How, why, in what way, etc.
Combining Questions
1) CLOSED QUESTIONS You want to establish direction & ease into conversation 2) OPEN QUESTIONS You want info 3) PROBING QUESTIONS You want detail 4) Closed questions
Why do men vs. women communicate
Men communicate to establish position/status
Women communicate to create closeness/rapport
What is the health belief model
A persons belief of threat severity/susceptible and belief of effectiveness of action = likelihood in taking action
Action depends on individual perceptions and modifying factors (age, sex, education, etc.)
What is the social cognitive theory
Describes human behaviour in a 3 way reciprocal model:
- Behaviour, personal factors, environmental influences
- people learn from own experiences, and actions/consequences of others
- role models and reinforcement influence health behaviour
What is the social ecological model
individual -> interpersonal -> organizational -> community -> public policy
Patient Care Process
Collect -> assess -> plan -> implement -> follow-up
PPCP: what to collect and assess?
Patient: Physical & cognitive abilities, Confidence, Learning style
Environment: confidential, comfortable
PPCP: how to effectively implement
- use variety of educational methods
- individualize teaching based on patient
How to teach infants
Teaching should be directed at the caregiver
Teaching toddlers and preschool children
2-6 years of age
- should be included in discussions
- use simple terms to explain what medication is for and why it is important to take it
Teaching school aged children
- 7-12 years old
- give more details about how a medication works
- empower them to have more autonomy in taking medications
- allow questions
Teaching adolescents
- 13 years old to adulthood
- consider communicating without parent present (builds trust)
- can typically give educational messages
Teaching older adults
- may learn at slower rate, have different perspectives, suffer from visual or auditory impairments
- use lower tone and increased volume
- present one concept at a time and speak slowly
- use visual aids
How to use an EpiPen
- Remove from tube
- Form a fist around pen, “blue to the sky, orange to the thigh”
- Remove the blue cap by pulling straight up (avoid twisting)
- Inject into upper thigh muscles (medication can be injected through clothing)
- swing and press firmly into thigh until you hear a click, count to three before removing - if after 5-15 minutes dont feel better/feel worse, a second epi-pen can be used
- repeat back how to use
- instructions are also on the pen and on website
How to counsel on EpiPen if patient is a child
- need epipen junior
- require weight
- deliver info to caregiver
How to use a metered-dose inhaler
- remove cap over mouth piece
- shake well
- hold inhaler with thumb and index finger
- exhale, put mouthpiece between teeth, use lips to form a seal
- take a deep steady breath and press canister to spray medication
- continue taking deep breath, then hold breath and remove device from mouth
- hold breath for as long as possible, then exhale
- to take second puff, repeat steps starting by shaking inhaler
How to use a metered-dose inhaler if patient is a child or has dexterity issues
- use spacer or aero chamber
How to use eye drops
- wash hands
- remove cap, lay it on side on a clean tissue to prevent contamination
- tilt head back, and pull eyelid down
- approach eye from the side to prevent poking
- look up and hold dropper 1 inch from eye
- squeeze bottle to instill 1 drop
- release eyelid and look down
- close eye for at least 30s (can hold medial corner of eye to prevent draining into tear duct)
- wash hands
- if instilling another drop, wait 3-5 mins (wait 5-10 mins if using diff medication)
Spiriva handihaler vs. spiriva respimat
- handihaler may require increased dexterity (requires loading capsule)
- handihaler requires greater respiratory capacity since inhaling dry powder vs mist from respimat
How to use rectal suppositories
- wash hands
- if suppository feels soft, can harden by running under cool water or leaving in fridge for a few minutes
- remove suppository from wrapper (can wear gloves too)
- Can lubricate tip using water-soluble jelly or tap water
- Lay on side (bottom leg straight out and top leg pointed towards tummy)
- Lift butt cheek, and insert suppository (pointed end first) about 1 inch into rectum
- Stay laying for 5 minutes
- wash hands
Potential complicating factors
- Patient-related factors that decrease ability to use device (e.g., dexterity/coordination issues, reduced inspiratory capacity, etc.)
- Cost of medications delivered by device
- Patient unable to attend pharmacy in person
How to use HandiHaler
- Flip off the lid of the handihaler
- Flip open the mouthpiece
- Remove capsule from package and insert into centre chamber
- Close the mouth piece until you hear it click
- Press the green button on the side
- Sit up straight and exhale
- Seal lips around mouthpiece
- Breath in slowly and deeply
- Remove handihaler from mouth and keep holding breath for at least 10s
- Breath out normally
- Take another breath from handihaler to make sure you get all the medicine (seal lips, deep breath, hold breath, exhale)
- Remove empty capsule and close mouthpiece and lid
- Wash hands
How to use Respimat
- assemble:
- Press the safety catch to remove clear base
- Push narrow end of cartridge into the inhaler
- Put clear base on
Priming: - Hold the inhaler upright with cap closed
- Turn base in direction of arrows until it clicks
- Open the cap
- Point inhaler down and press dose release button
- Repeat 3 more times
Using Respimat: - Turn the clear base in direction of arrows until “click”
- Open cap
- Breath out
- Close lips around mouthpiece
- Take a slow deep breath and press dose release button
- Remove inhaler from mouth and hold breath for 5-10 seconds
- Breath out
- Close cap
