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bio 105 > exam 11 > Flashcards

exam 11 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In the hydrologic cycle, where does water go after precipitation reaches the ground?

A

flows into lakes, stream, and rivers, evaporation back to the atmosphere, infiltration into the ground, taken up by plants

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2
Q

When water is released into the atmosphere by plants, it is called:

A

transpiration

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3
Q

In the hydrologic cycle, places where water can be found are called ___, and the amount of time spent there is called the ___.

A

compartments, residence time

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4
Q

About ___ percent of the world’s water is salt water

A

97.6

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5
Q

Only about ___ percent of the world’s water is freshwater in a form accessible to humans and other organisms.

A

0.1

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6
Q

Freshwater that originated as precipitation, and then percolated into layers of soil, gravel, and rock, is called:

A

groundwater

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7
Q

The process by which precipitation percolates through the soil is called:

A

infiltration

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8
Q

The upper layers of soil that contain both air and water are called the:

A

zone of aeration

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9
Q

The lower layers of soil where all spaces are filled with water are called the:

A

zone of saturation

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10
Q

The upper boundary of the zone of saturation is called the:

A

water table

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11
Q

Layers of sand, gravel, or rock that contain groundwater are called the:

A

aquifer

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12
Q

Water from an aquifer that is freely flowing at the surface is called a/an:

A

artesian well

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13
Q

Areas where surface water infiltrates into an aquifer are called:

A

recharge zones

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14
Q

The volume of water carried by a river is called the river’s:

A

discharge

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15
Q

The place where an aquifer is most likely to be contaminated is at a/an:

A

recharge zone

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16
Q

Wetlands are important in the hydrologic cycle, because they:

A

stabilize the soil and hold back surface runoff

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17
Q

In the hydrologic cycle, the atmosphere holds ___ of the total water supply, and the atmosphere is the most important mechanism for ___.

A

very little; redistributing water around the world

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18
Q

Water-rich countries are those with:

A

plenty of renewable water supplies of surface water and shallow groundwater, which are replenished regularly

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19
Q

Water-poor countries do not have adequate renewable water supplies, due to:

A

lack of precipitation, population size

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20
Q

“Mining” groundwater means:

A

using groundwater faster than it is recharged

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21
Q

Which of the following types of irrigation has the most efficient use of water?

A

drip irrigation

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22
Q

Which of the following is the biggest use of water by industry?

A

providing cooling water for power plants

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23
Q

Which of the following can lead to water shortages in countries with insufficient clean water?

A

natural low precipitation, overconsumption by agriculture, overconsumption by industry, inadequate funds for purifying and delivering good clean water

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24
Q

Withdrawal of groundwater can cause subsidence, a situation where:

A

the underground rock layers holding the groundwater collapse, causing the ground surface to drop

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25
Q

Subsidence:

A

usually results in a permanent loss of an aquifer

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26
Q

Withdrawal of freshwater from aquifers in coastal areas can lead to:

A

saltwater intrusion

27
Q

True or false: The decreased evaporation that occurs due to dams leads to a decrease in the salinity of the water.

A

false

28
Q

true or false: Dams help conserve water by preventing evaporation.

A

false

29
Q

The land drained by a stream or river is called a/an:

A

watershed

30
Q

Removal of vegetation in a watershed can lead to:

A

increased erosion and flooding

31
Q

Damage to vegetation in watersheds is most commonly due to:

A

agriculture and timber harvesting

32
Q

Methods of conserving water include:

A

not flushing the toilet every time you use it, taking shorter showers, not running the faucet as long while brushing teeth, using low-flow toilets and showerheads

33
Q

Methods of preventing water pollution include:

A

proper disposal of motor oil, using less fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, using a “snake” rather than chemicals to unclog pipes, proper disposal of batteries and hazardous waste

34
Q

top five household water uses in the United States:

A

toilet flushing, showers, laundry, leaks

35
Q

Point sources of water pollution are those:

A

being discharged from specific locations

36
Q

Which of the following usually is considered to be a point source of water pollution?

A

oil wells

37
Q

Which of the following is usually considered to be a nonpoint source of water pollution?

A

runoff from roads and parking lots

38
Q

Which of the following is usually true for non-point sources of water pollution?

A

nonpoint sources of pollution often pollute in major episodes, rather than continually

39
Q

A common indicator of fecal contamination in water is:

A

coliform bacteria

40
Q

Which of the following categories of water pollutants comes from untreated or improperly treated human and animal wastes?

A

infectious agents

41
Q

Which of the following is considered a source of water pollution from organic chemicals?

A

runoff of oil and gasoline

42
Q

Which of the following is considered a source of water pollution from INORGANIC chemicals?

A

toxic salts of selenium and arsenic

43
Q

Infectious agents that pollute water include:

A

bacteria
viruses
parasites

44
Q

Which of the following categories of water pollutants can lead to bioaccumulation and biomagnification?

A

organic chemicals

45
Q

Which of the following is a common source of radioactive materials that can pollute water?

A

mining and processing of ores

46
Q

How do sediments cause water pollution?

A

block sunlight for autotrophs
choke fish and other organisms
ruin drinking water

47
Q

Which of the following water pollutants are considered to be oxygen demanding wastes?

A

animal manure
human sewage
plant residues from paper mills
food wastes from food processing

48
Q

Which of the following are plant nutrients?

A

nitrogen and phosphorous compounds

49
Q

High oxygen content in freshwater is an indication that:

A

the water is probably clean enough to support fish

50
Q

Why is thermal pollution a problem?

A

fish and other organisms can be killed outright by the hot temperatures
hot water holds less dissolved oxygen than cold water

51
Q

The addition of plant nutrients to water, leading to excessive plant growth, is called:

A

eutrophication

52
Q

High amounts of plant nutrients added to freshwater can lead to algae “blooms.” Why is this a problem?

A

When the algae dies, decomposers break down the algae and use up the oxygen in the water.

53
Q

Soil erosion, fallout of air pollutants, and surface runoff from urban areas, farm fields, and feedlots:

A

are the main sources of water pollution in the United States, accounting for 75% of the water pollution

54
Q

In the United States, animal waste is more of a pollution problem than human wastes because:

A
  • animal waste does not go through sewage treatment like human waste does
  • untreated animal waste can contain infectious agents
  • untreated animal waste can add high levels of plant nutrients to freshwater
55
Q

How many people in the United States depend on underground aquifers for their drinking water?

A

50%

56
Q

The most toxic contaminants of aquifers come from:

A

waste disposal sites

57
Q

Aquifer contamination in the greatest volume and over the biggest area comes from:

A

agricultural chemicals and wastes

58
Q

Which of the following is a common type of ocean pollution?

A

toxic chemicals
heavy metals
sediments
plastic garbage

59
Q

In which level of municipal sewage treatment are large solids physically removed by screens and settling tanks?

A

primary treatment

60
Q

In which level of municipal sewage treatment are settling tanks first used to allow grit and some suspended organic solids to fall out as sludge?

A

primary treatment

61
Q

In which level of municipal sewage treatment are aerobic bacteria used to break down the dissolved organic matter?

A

secondary treatment

62
Q

In which level of municipal sewage treatment are nitrates, phosphates, metals, and/or toxins all removed?

A

tertiary treatment

63
Q

Using living organisms to clean contaminated water is called:

A

bioremediation

bio 105 (1 decks)

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