Exam

Question 1

In object relations theories, the ‘object’ refers to:

. intrinsic goals
. the ego
. a person
. lifelong patterns

Answer 1

a person

Question 2

Many neoanalytic theories emphasised:

. that there is no merit to traditional Freudian ideas
. the importance of the superego
. sexual functioning
. the importance of the ego

Answer 2

the importance f the ego

Question 3

According to Mahler, a child will experience ____ when the movement away from symbiosis occurs too quickly.

. insecure attachment
. basic anxiety
. separation anxiety
. separation-individuation

Answer 3

separation anxiety

Question 4

People with ambivalent attachment report that falling in love:

. is almost impossible
. takes a lot of work
. is easy and can happen ‘at first sight’
. is a waste of time

Answer 4

is easy and can happen ‘at first sight’

Question 5

Unlike Freud, Erikson believed that personality development:

. proceeds in an orderly sequence of stages that everyone experiences
. continues to evolve throughout life
. is divided into the id, ego and superego
. none of these options

Answer 5

continues to evolve throughout life

Question 6

Psychosocial therapists attribute behavioural problems to difficulties in:

. resolving id-superego conflicts
. the development of a conscience
. relationships
. learning

Answer 6

relationships

Question 7

The term ‘instrumental conditioning’ is often used interchangeably with the term:

. classical conditioning
. Pavlovian conditioning
. operant conditioning
. classical learning

Answer 7

operant conditioning

Question 8

Classical conditioning requires:

. a conditioned response to a certain class of stimuli
. the organism must already respond to some class of stimuli reflexively
. reinforcement of a specific response behaviour
.all of these options

Answer 8

the organism must already respond to some class of stimuli reflexively

Question 9

When CS-CR pairing acts like another reflex, it can serve as a reflex for another instance of conditioning. This is called:

. secondary conditioning
. tertiary conditioning
. higher-order conditioning
. operant conditioning

Answer 9

higher-order conditioning

Question 10

Thormdike’s law of effect states that:

. people learn more efficiently than rats
. learning cannot occur in a signle trial
. learning is quickly forgotten if the relevant situation is not re-experienced
. behaviours followed by negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated

Answer 10

behaviours followed by negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated

Question 11

Vicarious emotional arousal:

. occurs when you feel the same emotion as another person
. occurs when you feel guilty for an imagined transgression
. is the same as sympathy
. non of these options

Answer 11

occurs when you feel the same emotion as another person

Question 12

Which of the following is most important to assessment from the social-cognitive learning perspective?

. Behavioural observation
. measures of generalised tendencies
. self-report measures
. objective definitions of situations

Answer 12

self-report measures

Question 13

Why is modelling effective at producing behaviour change, according to Bandura?

. The model receives rewards
. the person in therapy increases his/her sense of efficacy
. the person is learning needed skills
. the person is exposed to what he/she fears

Answer 13

the person in therapy increases his/her sense of efficacy

Question 14

In Roger’s view, people have a strong need to experience ___, which is the respect, love and friendship of others.

. positive reinforcement
. conditional acceptance
. positive regard
. expectancies of worth

Answer 14

positive regard

Question 15

Conditions of worth and conditional regard have the effect of:

. making people depressed
. making people anxious
. altering behaviour to fit in with the desire of others
. facilitating a person’s goal of self-actualisation

Answer 15

altering behaviour to fit in with the desires of others

Question 16

People engage in some activities because they find the activities intrinsically interesting. Such activities are said to be:

. self-determined
. self-rationalised
. self-actualised
. explicitly motivated

Answer 16

self-determined

Question 17

According to Maslow’s hierarchy, the correct order of needs, beginning with the most basic, is:

. physiological - love - safety - esteem - self-actualisation
. physiological - esteem - safety - love self-actualisation
. physiological - safety - love - esteem - self-actualisation
. physiological - safety - esteem - love - self-actualisation

Answer 17

physiological - safety - love - esteem - self-actualisation

Question 18

Self-actualisers tend to:

. appreciate results rather than the process of doing things
. form deep ties with many people
. at times appear temperamental and ruthless
. all of these options

Answer 18

at times appear temperamental and ruthless

Question 19

According to existential psychologists, awareness of the inevitability of death evokes a sense of:

. reactance
. angst
. existential guilt
. wish fulfillment

Answer 19

angst

Question 20

One assumption of the cgnitive perspective is that:

. all decisions are unconscious
. all decisions are conscious
. most decisions are unconscious, but some are conscious
. most decisions are conscious, but some are unconscious

Answer 20

most decisions are unconscious, but some are conscious

Question 21

Kelly viewed people as implicit:

. scientists
. artists
. altruists
. all of these options

Answer 21

scientists

Question 22

One consequence of the use of a schema is:

. easier coding of new material
. improved memory for randomly selected details
. improved reading ability
. greater intelligence

Answer 22

easier coding of new material

Question 23

A self-schema:

. makes it easier to remember things consistent with it
. is small, simple and efficient
. has fewer emotional elements and more intellectual elements than other schema
. all of these options

Answer 23

makes it easier to remember things consistent with it

Question 24

The process of judging the cause of an event is called:

. attribution
. construal
. primary appraisal
. secondary appraisal

Answer 24

attribution

Question 25

Dual-process researchers talk about people having:

. automatic and implicit knowledge
. implicit and explicit knowledge
. certain and uncertain knowledge
. all of these options

Answer 25

implicit and explicit knowledge

Question 26

To assess the cognitions and emotions that accompany a wide range of naturally-occurring events, the best cognitive assessment technique would be:

. think-aloud protocols
. retrospective thought listing
. experience sampling
. reconstructive thought protocols

Answer 26

experience sampling

Question 27

Which f the following criticisms has been levelled at the cognitive approach to personality?

. it has generated very little empirical research
. it is an attempt to graft an area of psychology where it does not belong
. it is too rooted in Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
. all of these options

Answer 27

it is an attempt to graft an area of psychology where it does not belong

Question 28

In order to obtain a full account of psychological individuality, the personality psychologist needs to:

. examine the person’s patterning of dispositional traits
. characteristic adaptations
. integrative life stories
. all of these options

Answer 28

all of these options

Question 29

In the paradigmatic mode, we look for ____ relationships

. cause and effect
. personal
. impersonal
. educational

Answer 29

cause and effect

Question 30

Which of the following is not a example of good narrative form?

. coherence
. credibility
. openness
. conflict

Answer 30

conflict