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Wildlife Management > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Chapter 1

A

Concepts of ecology, communities & populations

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2
Q

Chapter 2

A

Intro to wildlife

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3
Q

Chapter 3

A

Overview and case studies

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4
Q

Chapter 4

A

Intro to habitat

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5
Q

Chapter 5

A

Intro to landscapes

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6
Q

Chapter 6

A

Habitat in landscapes

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7
Q

Chapter 7

A

Landscape ecology for wildlife management

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8
Q

Chapter 8

A

Habitat selection

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9
Q

Is wildlife management easy or hard?

A

It is easy because it’s stuff we understand, but it’s hard because there are so many sp so you need to keep learning

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10
Q

Ecology

A

Relationship between organisms and their abiotic and biotic environment

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11
Q

Aspects of Abiotic Environment

A

Solids, humidity, light, climate, gases, liquids, pH

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12
Q

Dynamic Abiotic Environment

A

Modified by organisms. Ex: birch trees grow, make shade, shade lets maple trees grow.

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13
Q

Aspects of Biotic Environment

A

Plants, animals, bacteria, viruses

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14
Q

Interspecific

A

Relationship between species

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15
Q

Intraspecific

A

Relationship between individuals of the same species

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16
Q

Individuals

A

Individual variation, one single animal

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17
Q

Conspecifics

A

Members of the same species

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18
Q

Competitors

A

Individuals competing for the same resources

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19
Q

Collaborators

A

Individuals working together in a short-term period

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20
Q

Partners

A

Individuals working together in a long-term period, no reproduction involved

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21
Q

Mates

A

Long term period of working together, but reproduction is also involved

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22
Q

Spatial Scales

A

Individual, population, community, ecosystem, landscape, biosphere

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23
Q

Organismal Scales

A

Individual, population, communit

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24
Q

Ermine Marten and Fishers

A

Live together but hate each other so they affect each other’s populations. They need so much space that is it hard to see the entire population.

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25
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of the same species living and reproducing in a given location and time

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26
Q

How do infraspecific relations affect population ecology?

A

Infraspecific relations > natality and mortality factors > natality and mortality rates > abundance > population ecology

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27
Q

What happens to mortality if density is too high?

A

Population may crash

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28
Q

Cohesion

A

Animals of the same species are friends, help each other, get along

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29
Q

Cohesive Species

A

Orca pods, meerkat colonies, elephants, penguins

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30
Q

Antagonism

A

Animals of the same species that work alone and are each other’s enemies

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31
Q

Antagonistic Species

A

Kangaroos, hippos, rams, weasels, some male dogs

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32
Q

Community

A

All plant and animal species living in a given place and time

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33
Q

Community ecology

A

Study of interspecific (short-term) interactions and their short to long term consequences on specific demographies, and dynamics of community composition

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34
Q

What population collapsed due to overfishing?

A

Cod

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35
Q

Succession Dynamics

A

(Forest) community composition changes over time. Grass > shrubs > trees for example.

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36
Q

Ecosystem Components

A

Biotic and abiotic

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37
Q

Ecosystem Ecology

A

Study of biotic and abiotic energy and matter flux/transfers. Studies everything, even pollution.

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38
Q

Aspects of Landscapes

A

Spatial organization, habitat, matrix, corridors, barriers, habitat amount, habitat fragmentation, gene flow, population sustainability

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39
Q

Habitat Configuration

A

Important to consider in landscapes. Cluster vs long row of trees for example.

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40
Q

Landscape

A

Multiple ecosystems

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41
Q

Landscape Ecology

A

Study of habitat configuration and its effect on a given population

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42
Q

What do moose eat?

A

Stripe maple in winter and sodium-rich aquatic plants in summer

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43
Q

Are roads and ecological filter or barrier?

A

It depends on the species. Some travel along roads. Some use it as a corridor or a habitat, like elk, but some are stopped or killed.

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44
Q

Spatial Scale Variation

A

Varies with the size of an organism and how far it moves and what it uses

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45
Q

Biomes

A

Global scale biological units with distinctive climate, vegetation, and fauna

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46
Q

Biomes of the World

A

Tundra, coniferous forest, temperate deciduous forest, montane forest, mixed hardwood, Mediterranean scrubland, tropical forests, semidesert, tropical Savana, desert, grassland, eucalyptus woodland

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47
Q

Biosphere

A

Atmospheric layer occupied by living organisms

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48
Q

Hierarchy of Ecological Units

A

Biosphere > biome > landscape > ecosystem > community > population > individual

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49
Q

Neutralism Effects

A

0 animal/0 human

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50
Q

Mutualism Effects

A

+ animal/+human

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51
Q

Commensalism Effects

A

+ animal/0 human. Good until overabundance when resources become limited.

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52
Q

Competition Effects

A
  • anima/- human
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53
Q

Amensalism Effects

A
  • animal/0 human
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54
Q

Parasitism/Parasitoidism Effects

A

+ animal or parasite/-human or animal

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55
Q

Predation Effects

A

+ predator/- prey

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56
Q

How does our presence affect the survival of animals?

A

Benefit some, but not others

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57
Q

Competition

A

Between different species when resources are limited

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58
Q

Commensalism

A

Mice living in human homes for example. Benefitting from us without having an effect on us until overabundance.

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59
Q

Aspects of Population Ecology

A

Population properties, fitness, theoretical growth, logistic growth, population control

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60
Q

Why do we need population control?

A

Too much of one species is not good

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61
Q

Population

A

Group of conspecifics living and reproducing in a given location

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62
Q

Metapopulations

A

Flow of individuals between neighbouring populations

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63
Q

Multi-scale of Habitats

A

Geographic, local, territorial, individual

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64
Q

Colony

A

A few hundred to a few thousand individuals

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65
Q

Spatial Organization of Individuals

A

You want to think of how a species is distributed when managing them

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66
Q

Uniform Spacing

A

Equal spacing between individuals

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67
Q

Random Spacing

A

Random spacing between individuals

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68
Q

Aggregate Spacing

A

Clumping of individuals

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69
Q

Brown Bear Spacing

A

Solitary and antisocial. Only repopulate with each other at boundaries.

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70
Q

Bird Spacing

A

Must space out evenly in colonies and stay a wingspan apart from each other when flying

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71
Q

Prairie Dog and Meerkat Spacing

A

Aggregate and make colonies

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72
Q

Dilution Effect

A

Increases chances of survival in herds/colonies/etc.

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73
Q

Density

A

Number of individuals per unit of distance/surface/volume

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74
Q

When would you use density of distance?

A

Linear habitats, like a mink following a stream

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75
Q

When would you use density of surface?

A

Prairies, most mammals and birds

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76
Q

When would you use density of volume?

A

To measure fish in a lake

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77
Q

How big is a trapline?

A

100 km2

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78
Q

Ecological Density

A

Number of individuals per unit habitat (includes the entire habitat area)

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79
Q

Effect of distribution on reliability of density estimation

A

Knowing the distribution will change the quality of population estimation. Uniform is very predictable, random can go either way, aggregate is not predictable (could be 32 in one unit and 0 in another)

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80
Q

Why are population estimates used?

A

The real numbers are hardly ever known. Animals move and it’s hard to keep track of them.

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81
Q

Unimodal Migration

A

Migration in one direction only. Salmon come to creeks from open water to spawn.

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82
Q

Observation of Salmon Migration

A

They make a path for migration with a window for observation (ladder), and count/observe

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83
Q

Aspects of Abundance

A

Fitness, demography, theoretical growth, logistic growth, population control

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84
Q

Fitness

A

Each individual’s capacity (skills) to survive and reproduce in a particular set of conditions

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85
Q

Demography

A

Statistical analyses of population properties and spatio-temporal trends. Number of births, adults, and deaths.

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86
Q

Population Cycles of Snowshoe Hare

A

Cyclical. Stable 3 weeks with food and will reproduce a lot. Fathers may even reproduce with daughters. Population booms to carrying capacity and then crashes.

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87
Q

Population Cycles of Brown Lemming

A

3-4 year cycles. Arctic fox loves them and may even migrate for them, causing a massive population displacement. Then they basically go extinct like the arctic fox cleared out a grocery store.

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88
Q

What contributes to population extinctions?

A

Natural processes, extinction probabilities, anthropogenic pressure

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89
Q

Human Impacts

A

Destruction of habitats, introduction of predators, introduction of parasites, over-exploitation, harassment, persecution, interference

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90
Q

What groups are vertebrates?

A

Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

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91
Q

Important Groups of Fishes

A

Lampreys, rays/sharks, sturgeons, modern fishes

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92
Q

Order Cyclostomata

A

Lampreys

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93
Q

Subclass Elasmobranchs

A

Rays/Sharks

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94
Q

Suborder Chondrostei

A

Sturgeons

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95
Q

Suborder Neopterygii

A

Modern Fishes

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96
Q

Tragedy of the Commons

A

One doesn’t make a difference but if everyone is hunting the animal collectively it all disappears. Sharks and cutting down trees.

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97
Q

What affects shark management?

A

Solitary animals so mostly monitoring. Tragedy of the commons.

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98
Q

Shark Persecution

A

Tragedy of the commons. Persecution increased after Jaws came out and people had to be convinced that sharks weren’t just human killers.

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99
Q

Public Opinion

A

What others think of a species affects their survival, persecution, protection, and management

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100
Q

Bony Fishes

A

Sturgeons, eels, herring, anchovy, carps, minnows, catfish, salmons, pikes, tuna, cods, seahorses, perches, mackerel

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101
Q

Sturgeon Lifespan

A

100-150 years

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102
Q

Eel, Lamprey, and Salmon Eggs

A

Lamprey and salmon are anadromous. Eel is catadromous.

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103
Q

Anadromous

A

Leave salt water to lay eggs in fresh water and then return. Lamprey and salmon.

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104
Q

Catadromous

A

Leave fresh water to lay eggs in salt water and then return. Eels.

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105
Q

Herring & Anchovy Management

A

Fisheries

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106
Q

Carp Management

A

Breeding carps in Europe for fancy food

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107
Q

Catfish Management

A

No known issues

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108
Q

Salmon Management

A

Desirable, fishing, overharvest in Lake Huron ecotourism, spawning, dams as a barrier for migration

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109
Q

Chondrostei

A

Sturgeons

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110
Q

Anguilliformes

A

Eels

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111
Q

Clupiformes

A

Herring, anchovy

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112
Q

Cypriniformes

A

Carps, minnows

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113
Q

Siluriformes

A

Catfish

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114
Q

Salmoniformes

A

Salmon

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115
Q

Esociformes

A

Pikes

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116
Q

Neoteleostei

A

Modern fishes (neo=new) like tuna, cod, seahorse, perch, mackerel. All kinds of shapes so don’t know what to expect.

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117
Q

Tuna Management

A

Fisheries

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118
Q

Seahorses as Stallers

A

Grabs anything it can to stop

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119
Q

Cod Management

A

Went to big and raked the bottom off the shore of Newfoundland. Killed their habitat and their food. Overharvested > moratorium. Sent cameras down to investigate. Sentinel. Poaching.

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120
Q

Moratorium of Cod

A

A hold on harvesting, touching, everything of the salmons off Newfoundland.

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121
Q

Sentinel of Cod

A

Government officially monitoring cod populations regularly, not just a weigh scale at the year end. Use fishermen for data on collection.

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122
Q

Order Anura

A

Frogs and toads

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123
Q

Order Urodela

A

Salamanders

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124
Q

Important Anura Families

A

Bufonidae, Hylidae, Ranidae

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125
Q

Bufonidae

A

True toads

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126
Q

Hylidae

A

Tree frogs

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127
Q

Ranidae

A

True frogs

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128
Q

Anura and Temperature

A

These animals may go below freezing point using glycol (an anti freezing agent that prevents them from freezing on the outside) or may go deeper into the mud to not freeze.

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129
Q

Anura and Climate Change

A

Sensitive to changes, important indicators of climate change

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130
Q

Order Caudata

A

Salamanders

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131
Q

Caudata Family

A

Salamandridae

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132
Q

Salamandridae

A

Newts and salamanders

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133
Q

Salamander Bioindicator

A

Blue-spotteds are very picky and sensitive with their habitat, so they are bioindicators

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134
Q

Class Reptilia

A

Reptiles - turtles, lizards, crocodiles

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135
Q

Order Chelonia

A

Turtles

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136
Q

Order Squamata

A

Lizards

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137
Q

Order Crocodilians

A

Crocodiles

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138
Q

Migration of Reptiles

A

Usually stay put but some migrate, like the sea turtles

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139
Q

Galapagos Tortoise Lifespan

A

200 Years

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140
Q

Poikolotherm

A

Cold blooded and can’t control its own body temp, like turtles

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141
Q

Turtles Endangerment

A

Second most endangered (primates are first). Basically every 2nd species has abundance issues because of out direct and indirect habitat destruction. We have to hope that the egg survivors don’t fall victim to other threats.

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142
Q

Lizard Families

A

Chameleons, iguanas, wall/true lizards, monitor lizards, skinks

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143
Q

Chameleonidae

A

Chameleons

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144
Q

Iguanidae

A

Iguanas

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145
Q

Laceridae

A

Wall/true lizards

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146
Q

Varanidae

A

Monitor lizards

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147
Q

Scincidae

A

Skinks

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148
Q

Monitor Lizard Management

A

Live on beaches and eat turtle eggs like raccoons. They need to be monitored because we are monitoring turtle eggs.

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149
Q

Snake Groups

A

Boidae, Viperidae, Colubridae, Elapidae

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150
Q

Croc Families

A

Caimans/alligators, crocs, gavials

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151
Q

Croc Attacks

A

Attack humans to defends home, territories, nests, and young, by mistake, or for food. They hide and are snappy and snarly, so they are extremely successful and abundant. The adult is untouchable and they protect their young.

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152
Q

Biggest Killer of Humans in Africa

A

Nile crocodile. Large communities living on rivers increase chances of interaction

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153
Q

Why are crocs a direct threat to humans?

A

Because they are highly territorial and will attack to kill when humans interact with them.

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154
Q

Crocs as Pets

A

Traded as exotic pets and sell easily when young but grow very big and dangerous and expensive so they are abandoned or released.

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155
Q

Crocs in Medicine

A

Blood contains peptides with antibiotic properties

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156
Q

Bird Management

A

The cuteness factor plays a huge role in their conservation but they all have a right to live and survive

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157
Q

Galliformes

A

Chickens and relatives. Food and hunting. A lot of meat for a small head.

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158
Q

Anseriformes

A

Ducks and relatives. Food and hunting.

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159
Q

Columbiformes

A

Pigeons. Food and nuisance. Less desirable but a lot of people eat them in other places.

160
Q

Gruiformes

A

Rails and cranes. Food, threatened.

161
Q

Charadriiformes

A

Waders and relatives. Nuisance. Very diverse but are limited to habitat. Large group of little shore birds

162
Q

Sphenisciformes

A

Penguins. Climate change threats.

163
Q

Accipitriformes

A

Hawks and relatives. Pollution threats.

164
Q

Strigiformes

A

Owls

165
Q

Falconiformes

A

Falcons. Pollution threats.

166
Q

Psittaciformes

A

Parrots. Pets and trade.

167
Q

Passeriformes

A

Passerines. Blackbirds are a nuisance. Ecotourism for song birds. Poaching of song birds.

168
Q

DDT and Eggs

A

Makes egg shells really thin

169
Q

Uses of Birds

A

Food (eggs and meat), raw material in manufacturing, feathers. Pets. Guano.

170
Q

Down Coats

A

Sea birds have thick, well-oiled, and water resistant coats, making them desirable for winter coats.

171
Q

Guano

A

Bird excrement harvested for fertilizer.

172
Q

Birdwatching

A

An important part of the ecotourism industry

173
Q

Nuisance Birds

A

Seagulls, pigeons poop everywhere, starlings are invasive, Canada geese are territorial in cities, sparrows are in cities, woodpeckers are noisy

174
Q

Canada Geese Management

A

Populations on the rise as climate change is allowing them to stay over winter. Regarded as pests, attack humans when threatened, and can cause an increase in fecal coliforms at beaches. US gov conducts lethal culls but are protected from hunting outside hunting seasons. Trade is prohibited. Also involved in aircraft strikes.

175
Q

How are Canada geese protected?

A

Protected from hunting outside hunting season by US Migratory Bird Treaty Act and Canada’s Migratory Birds Convention Act

176
Q

Woodpeckers

A

Drum and make holes in human objects, causing issues.

177
Q

Marsupials

A

Opossums, koalas, kangaroos/wallabies/relatives

178
Q

Didelphidae

A

Opossums

179
Q

Phascolarctidae

A

Koalas

180
Q

Marsupial Management

A

Outcompete placental mammals and reproduce a lot, but birth premature babies. A lot of possums are from the south and climate change is allowing them to come north (ON ones from Virginia). They are invasive but commensal like raccoons. They can handle human actives with no issues

181
Q

Macropodidae

A

Kangaroos/wallabies/relatives

182
Q

Kangaroos/wallabies/relatives Management

A

Lots of species, but taking away their tree habitat. Major road kills. Wallabies are like smaller kangaroos so they may be easier to manage.

183
Q

Proboscidea

A

Elephants

184
Q

Sirenia

A

Dugong and manatees

185
Q

Pilosa

A

Sloths and anteaters. Cute and vulnerable.

186
Q

Elephant Management

A

Cute and loved. Very important in management decisions. Very tolerable but also large so may trample crops. Useless meat but have ivory.

187
Q

Manatee Management

A

We kill the sea grasses they need to eat with pollution and motors and they kill people.

188
Q

Primate Management

A

Most endangered in the world. Complex, social biology. Lots of parental care. Non-repetitive so we don’t tire of watching them try everything. Overexploitation of habitat, persecution, poaching, trade.

189
Q

Lemur Management

A

Very primitive/basic so very vulnerable. Overexploitation of habitat.

190
Q

Orangutan Management

A

Vulnerable because they are confined to one island.

191
Q

Rodents

A

Half of all mammals. Muskrat, beaver, porcupine, rat mouse, marmot

192
Q

Rodent Management

A

Commensalism with humans. May eat each other if food is scarce. 30 days to birth and 15 days to independence so overabundance is an issue. Population control in tropics because they’re a nuisance, but more conservation up north.

193
Q

Chiroptera

A

Bats

194
Q

Bat Management

A

Population control in tropics because they’re a nuisance, but more conservation up north.

195
Q

Lagomoprpha

A

Pikas, rabbits, hares

196
Q

Carnivora

A

Carnivores

197
Q

Cetariodactyla

A

Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises) and even-toes ungulates (pigs, cattle, deer, and giraffes)

198
Q

Perissodactyla

A

Odd-toed ungulates (horses, donkeys, zebras, tapirs, and rhinos)

199
Q

Carnivore Management

A

Large group with so many species. Domestic cat works very well but larger species need some help. Polar bear habitat loss. Wolves are persecuted due to fear, which is not feasible but a useful form of population control. Lots of issues with bears.

200
Q

Defaunation

A

Decline of animals. Driven by human activity. Biomass of wild mammals has declined by 82% since the beginning of human civilization. Vertebrate populations have declined bu 68% since 1970. Overconsumption, human population growth, intensive farming (field and fields and fields of crops), deforestation/habitat destruction, poaching, entanglement in fishing gear. Humans have triggered a 6th mass extinction event.

201
Q

Species to Become Extinct

A

Rhino, primates, pangolins, giraffes

202
Q

Mammal Monitoring Agencies

A

Convention on Biological Diversity, IUCN

203
Q

Nuisance Mammals

A

American opossum, Tasmanian devil, giant red kangaroo, African elephant, brown rat, Canadian beaver, prairie dog, macaques, feral cats, coyote, feral pigs

204
Q

Threatened Mammals

A

Numbat, koala, tree kangaroo, African elephant, manatee, 3-toed sloth, ring-tailed lemur, mountain gorilla, pika, agouti, flying fox, caracal, grey whale, white rhino

205
Q

Wildlife Management

A

Action taken by humans on nay wildlife in contact and having an interaction with them, recognizing the focus on fish, birds, and mammals. Must be based on the best available science and good data.

206
Q

Wildlife Management Actions

A

Can be ecological, legal, educational, or political

207
Q

Scenarios Requiring Intervention

A

Desirable but too low in numbers, desirable but too high in numbers, less desirable and too high in numbers, undesirable

208
Q

Intervention for desirable but too low in numbers

A

Conservation, habitat rehabilitation, reintroduction, translocations, sustainable harvest

209
Q

Intervention for desirable but too high in numbers

A

Limit population and population control. Relocations, sterilization, hunting, trapping, culling.

210
Q

Intervention for less desirable but too high in numbers

A

Culling, translocations

211
Q

Intervention for undesirable

A

Eradication

212
Q

Conservation

A

For desirable species loo low in numbers. WWF, IUCN. Koala, cheetah, whales.

213
Q

WWF

A

World Wildlife Fund

214
Q

IUCN

A

International Union for Conservation of Nature

215
Q

WWF Stopping Wildlife Crime

A

Experts in policy, wildlife trade, advocacy, and communications. Innovative ways to combat wildlife crimes, like drones and IR cameras to detect poachers. Teamed up with e-commerce and social media to adopt a standardized wildlife policy framework for online trade.

216
Q

Policy

A

Application of science to regulations

217
Q

WWF Doubling the Number of Tigers

A

Aims to double world wild tiger population by 2022. Take action in key sites and raise funds to protect landscapes. Protecting one tiger protects 100, 000 ha of forest.

218
Q

WWF Empower People to Protect Wildlife

A

Community involvement. Customize WWF work based on local needs and interests.

219
Q

WWF Closing Asia’s Ivory Markets

A

Illegal elephant killing for ivory declines pop by 20, 000/yr. Greatest demand for ivory in China, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Thailand. WWF is working to shut down illegal markets in Thailand and end legal trade in China.

220
Q

IUCN Conservation Status Classifications

A

Extinct, extinct in the wild, critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, near-threatened, least concern

221
Q

CITES

A

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (of wild fauna and flora)

222
Q

CITES Appendix I

A

1200 species threatened with extinction. Trade in wild-caught specimens of these species in illegal. Captive-bred animals or cultivated plants of these are considered Appendix II specimens.

223
Q

CITES Appendix I Species

A

Red pants, western gorilla, chimpanzee species, tigers, Asiatic lion, leopard, jaguar, cheetah, Asian elephant, dugong, manatee, all rhino species

224
Q

CITES Appendix II

A

21, 000 species that are not necessarily threatened with extinction but may become so unless trade is subject to strict regulation. Many hundreds of thousands are traded annually and no import permit is necessary. Includes animals from Appendix I that are bred in captivity for commercial purposes.

225
Q

CITES Appendix II Species

A

Great white shark, American black bear, Hartmann’s mountain zebra, green iguana, emperor scorpion, Mertens’ water monitor

226
Q

CITES Appendix III

A

170 species listed after one member country has asked other CITES parties for assistance in controlling trade. Not necessarily threatened with extinction globally.

227
Q

CITES Appendix III Species

A

2-toed sloth by Costa Rica, sitatunga by Ghana, African civet by Botswana, alligator snapping turtle by the USA

228
Q

Australian Koala Foundation

A

Fundraising through adopt a koala, online shop, donations, ecotourism (souvenir shops). Funds for conservation, research, policy, and planning.

229
Q

AKF’s Stance on Koala Relocation and Culling

A

“Too many” koalas so government has been culling. Native animals don’t have enough habitat anymore because of land clearing. How can they justify killing when there is not adequate food or shelter for the koalas? AKF believes there are too few trees, not too many koalas.

230
Q

AKF Research

A

143 projects in veterinary science, diet, habitat in landscapes, genetics, and more.

231
Q

Cheetah Conservation Fund

A

Camera traps, cheetah, companies, conservation, education, events, for kids, illegal pet trade, impact, international collaboration, internship, live at CCF, livestock guarding dogs, outreach, press releases, research, supporters

232
Q

How can a dog save a cheetah?

A

CCF livestock guard dogs protect livestock from cheetahs and keep them away, thereby saving them from persecution by farmers

233
Q

CCF

A

Cheetah Conservation Fund

234
Q

MSY

A

Maximum sustainable yield, bell curve

235
Q

Sustainable Harvest

A

Maximum sustainable yield and hunting regulations and quotas

236
Q

Ontario Hunting Regulations

A

Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act, Migratory Birds Convention Act, Endangered Species Act, Species at Risk Act, Trespass to Property Act, Firearms Act

237
Q

Ontario Hunting Regulations on Indian Reserves

A

Permission of the Band Council

238
Q

Ontario Hunting Regulations on Private Land

A

Written permission from land owners to hunt

239
Q

Ontario Hunting Regulations on Wildlife Management Ares (Southern Ontario)

A

Designated areas with opportunities for hunting

240
Q

Ontario Hunting Regulations on Crown Game Preserves

A

Illegal to hunt or trap

241
Q

Ontario Hunting Regulations on Provincial Parks

A

Hunting permitted in some

242
Q

Mandatory Hunter Reporting in Ontario

A

Helps monitor wildlife populations, set tag quotas and determine the availability of additional tags, make changes to seasons and bag limits, inform management policies

243
Q

Quota

A

A limit on how much of the population can be hunted

244
Q

Furbearers in Eastern Canada

A

Muskrat, beaver, fox, coyote, wolf, lynx, bobcat, weasel, mink, marten, otter, fisher, wolverine

245
Q

Why are kill traps used on furbearers?

A

Humane killing and minimal damage to fur

246
Q

Traplines in Ontario

A

A grid of 100 km2 townships. Most trap lines are being used. Each has a specific quota based on carrying capacity and historic record of pelt submissions in previous years.

247
Q

Fur Season in Ontario

A

Oct 25-March 15 to allow fur to be prime (fresh after fall molt) and to protect the denning period

248
Q

Pelt Pricing

A

Determined by public opinion, not the quality of pelt

249
Q

23 Groups whose Populations Need to be Controlled

A

Tasmanian devil, wild boar, seals, armadillos, skunks, foxes, squirrels, snakes, rats, groundhogs, beavers, possums, raccoons, bats, moles, deer, mice, coyotes, bears, ravens, seagulls, woodpeckers, pigeons

250
Q

Beaver Populations

A

Plentiful enough to build Montreal and Canada, so must be controlled

251
Q

Pros and Cons of Coyote Management

A

Nature lovers/animal rights, people especially want to see them in national parks, nice fur, they eat farm animals, threat to humans

252
Q

Why is it a problem when coyotes eat farm animals?

A

Sheep are defenceless. They spend a lot of time outside in large open pastures.

253
Q

Why are coyotes so prolific?

A

Work alone and together, live in lots of habitats (farmland/prairie/forest/mountain/suburban/edge/ecotone), found in every ecosystem, not too many ways to deal with the problem other than extraction, stable populations, increasing distribution, tolerate human modification of landscapes

254
Q

Coyote Management

A

Widespread species of least concern so only local control. Mostly controlled when interacting with humans.

255
Q

Coyote Population Density

A

0.01-2.3 individuals per km2. Not extirpated when low, just not around.

256
Q

Coyote Trade

A

Coyote pelt helps to offset management costs and supports local economies. This is a really weak argument because local management can be costly.

257
Q

Seal Species in Canada

A

Harbour, ringed, harp, bearded, hooded, grey

258
Q

Harbour Seals in Canada

A

Atlantic (Gulf of St. Lawrence-Newfoundland) for cod and Pacific for salmon

259
Q

Ring Seals in Canada

A

Small seal all over the arctic. Cultural significant so the focus of conservation up north.

260
Q

Bearded Seals in Canada

A

Arctic. Has a beard, not too abundant.

261
Q

Hooded Seals in Canada

A

North Atlantic. Has a hood/bladder on forehead to puff up and attract females. Pretty spectacular. Not super abundant, an accessory species because numbers are all in the thousands anyway (millions becomes a problem).

262
Q

Grey Seals in Canada

A

Atlantic. Not so much in Canada, more on an island off of Massachusetts. A fairly large population we occasionally see mixed in with harp seals.

263
Q

Harp Seals in Canada

A

Larger seal. Super abundant. All around the arctic, spends 9 months in Greenland and then move for reproduction. 2 spots for reproduction on either side of Newfoundland.

264
Q

Harp Seal Reproduction

A

Arctic Spring breaks ice floats like a million small icebergs. and the seals go here because they are ideal for whelping. Mothers each pick their own float and stay there and fish for 2-3 weeks during the whelping period. After that there is no ice (too cold before that) and they start barking on the ice and begin to wean.

265
Q

Harp Seal Management

A

3 mil seals (1.5 mil females) have 1.5 mil babies within 2-3 weeks. Too many and live in masses in Newfoundland. Ships go out and start culling the pups for about 8 weeks in March and April after the whelping period.

266
Q

Problems with Harp Seal Management

A

Pretty traumatic but it is a pretty large population so it would be safe if it weren’t for the cuteness factor of the pups. Only 5.4% are harvested, which is reasonable for MSY, but Newfoundland is probably pushing for population control because some think this is still to many kills.

267
Q

Harp Seal Population vs Harvest Quota (2020)

A

7 400 000 population. 400 000 harvest quota. 5.4% harvested.

268
Q

DFO

A

Department of Fisheries & Oceans

269
Q

Decreasing Harp Seal Harvest

A

Population has tripled since the 70s. Nearly a million seal kills over 3 years. Climate change leads to thinner and more unstable ice so many pups drown. EU banned import of seal products in 2009, and the value of pelts then decreased by 36% in 2010.

270
Q

Sealing of Pups

A

Hunt of infant harp seals (whitecoats) and hooded seals (bluebacks) banned in 1987 and now the pups can only be killed once they have started melting when weaning at about 2 weeks old.

271
Q

Where has Canada sold seal pelts?

A

Germany, Greenland, China, Hong Kong, Finland, Denmark, France, Greece, South Korea, Russia

272
Q

Who established a program to look at marten land use in Canada’s Crown land?

A

Lands for Life

273
Q

What did Robitaille do for Lands for Life?

A

Classification of habitat, look at the types, and their effects on martens.

274
Q

22 Ecosystem Site Types

A

Name and ID 22 types of ecosystem sites in Ontario’s forests, including observations of plant cover, soil type, water presence, etc.

275
Q

Types of Ecosystems

A

Prairies, forests, lakes, running waters, oceans, wetlands, deserts, tundra

276
Q

Habitat/Ecosystem Specialist

A

Animal that uses only one ecosystem, but most belong to more than one

277
Q

Habitat/Ecosystem Generalist

A

Animal that uses more than one ecosystem

278
Q

Habitat

A

The environment in which an animal survives and reproduces. If it isn’t doing both here, it’s only a transitional matrix area and the animal is just passing though.

279
Q

Prairies

A

2D, herb cover, fire, plains

280
Q

Herb Cover in Prairies

A

grassland, no shrub in prairies, herb dominance

281
Q

Fire in Prairies

A

A dominant feature, what keeps it as grasslands and prevents growth and loss of prairie. Natural and anthropogenic.

282
Q

Forests

A

3D, lignin, cover, strata, fire

283
Q

2D vs 3D Habitats

A

3D has vertical height, like forests, or depth, like lakes. 2D, like deserts, do not.

284
Q

Lignin in Forests

A

Protein that gives the trees structure, no height without it

285
Q

Cover in Forests

A

Closed from light, sight, muffled sound, etc.

286
Q

Strata in Forests

A

Herbaceous strata/layer on ground. Arborous layer on top.

287
Q

Fire in Forests

A

Part of a natural regime

288
Q

Lakes

A

3D, DOC, strata

289
Q

DOC in Lakes

A

Dissolved oxygen content

290
Q

Running Waters

A

1D, hydraulics

291
Q

1D Aspect of Running Waters

A

Linear, one line. If width expands, you don’t have that movement.

292
Q

Hydraulics of Running Waters

A

Adaptation to running water

293
Q

Oceans

A

3D, sizes, saltwater

294
Q

Sizes of Oceans

A

Depth preferences, differences in productivity, pressure is different at top and bottom so different effects on animals (blob fish), shallow vs deep waters

295
Q

Saltwater of Oceans

A

Salinity, water balance, SW will dehydrate FW animals, buoyancy

296
Q

Wetlands

A

2D, impracticable

297
Q

Impracticability of Wetlands

A

Too much depth but also not enough. Have always been an issue because of smell/decomposition, insects, limited access. Otherwise, they have a lot of biodiversity.

298
Q

Deserts

A

2D, dry, sizes

299
Q

Dryness of Deserts

A

Can be cold or hot, but very little precipitation. Based on water and rain shadows.

300
Q

Sizes of Deserts

A

Deserts don’t come in little patches

301
Q

Tundra

A

2D, cold

302
Q

2D of Tundra

A

No height or depth really, but animals may dig down because of permafrost

303
Q

Contrasting Features of Ecosystems

A

Very superficial features like height/depth, size, and cover

304
Q

Feature Species of Prairies

A

Prairie dogs, pronghorn, bison, finches, prairie grouse (make leks), horse

305
Q

Feature Species of Forests

A

Mice, flying squirrels (need height), porcupines (love climbing)

306
Q

Feature Species of Lakes

A

Lake trout, whitefish, ling

307
Q

Feature Species of Oceans

A

Whales, seals, fishes

308
Q

Feature Species of Wetlands

A

Long-legged creatures, blue heron

309
Q

Feature Species of Deserts

A

Some lizards, snakes, scorpion, camel

310
Q

Feature Species of Tundra

A

Muskox, caribou, arctic fox, lemmings

311
Q

Umbrella Species

A

Flagship species, capstone species, bioindicator. Overlaps every other species. You could just measure this one species’ minimum patch size and know what else is in that area (shows richness).

312
Q

Saving Umbrella Species

A

If you save the umbrella species and its habitat, you save most of the other species in the ecosystem. Correct management of the umbrella species means management for all species in its habitats.

313
Q

Umbrella Species in Ontario

A

Blue-spotted salamander and marten

314
Q

Habitat Suitability Modelling

A

Method for predicting the suitability of a location for a species or group of species based on their observed relationship with environmental conditions

315
Q

HSI

A

Habitat suitability index

316
Q

Habitat Suitability Index

A

A numerical index that represents the capacity of a given habitat to support a selected species. Describes the suitability of a given habitat by combining the interactions of all key environmental variables on a species’ vital rates and survival.

317
Q

Which ecosystems do martens live in?

A

5a - Black spruce fine soil, 5b - black spruce medium soil, 7a - hardwood fine soil, 7b - hardwood medium soil

318
Q

Habitats, Patches, and Matrices

A

All the same types. All patches no matter the size, it’s still a patch. Habitat is where an animals survives and reproduces. Matrix is the transitional area in between habitats where the animal doesn’t survive and reproduce.

319
Q

How many combinations of habitats/matrices are there?

A

56

320
Q

Is there any habitats we don’t have in Ontario?

A

Just deserts, we have the rest and lots of combinations of these

321
Q

Why is habitat not simple?

A

It offers everything, a multitude of resources because they are not the same for every species

322
Q

Fahrig 2003

A

Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity

323
Q

What did Fahrig find in 2003?

A

There’s so much literature on fragmentation vs biodiversity, but the measures can lead to different conclusions about magnitude (strength of effect) and direction (good or bad), and they do not always distinguish between habitat loss and fragmentation per se. Habitat loss has large negative effects on biodiversity but fragmentation per se has weaker effects that can be positive or negative. Habitat loss and fragmentation must be measured independently.

324
Q

Fragmentation Variables

A

Patch size, habitat loss amount, patch isolation, edge, number of patches, structural connectivity, matrix quality, patch shape, quality, patch scale, landscape scale, patch and landscape scales

325
Q

Biodiversity Variables

A

Abundance/density, richness/diversity, presence/absence, fitness measures, genetic variability, species interactions, extinction/turnover, individual habitat use, movement/dispersal, population growth

326
Q

Patch Size as a Fragmentation Variable

A

Easy, measure patch

327
Q

Habitat Loss Amount as a Fragmentation Variable

A

Not simple but works well in short term, may take longer for some species

328
Q

Patch Isolation as a Fragmentation Variable

A

Nearest neighbour

329
Q

Edge as a Fragmentation Variable

A

A bit complicated to define since it is neither habitat not matrix but the interface/gradual transition between them. Linked to habitat but not a feature of it.

330
Q

Structural Connectivity as a Fragmentation Variable

A

A network, see where animals transition and reproduce

331
Q

Matrix Quality as a Fragmentation Variable

A

Secondary, more focus on the habitat rather than outside of it, but still interesting

332
Q

Patch Shape as a Fragmentation Variable

A

Difficult because so many shapes

333
Q

Abundance/Density as a Biodiversity Variable

A

First thing to do, easy, how many are there

334
Q

Richness/Diversity as a Biodiversity Variable

A

Need to see all the species at the community level

335
Q

Presence/Absence as a Biodiversity Variable

A

What is there and what is not

336
Q

Genetic Variability as a Biodiversity Variable

A

Blood samples so more difficult

337
Q

Species Interactions as a Biodiversity Variable

A

Monitor interactions between 2 or more species, a little heavier in terms of field work

338
Q

Extinction/Turnover as a Biodiversity Variable

A

Have to stick around long enough to see that happen, even longer for long-lived species

339
Q

Individual Habitat Use as a Biodiversity Variable

A

Radio collar, etc. to track movement

340
Q

Movement/Dispersal as a Biodiversity Variable

A

Radio collar, etc. to track movement

341
Q

Population Growth as a Biodiversity Variable

A

Years and decades. Life tables. Depends on lifespan of species.

342
Q

Fragmentation and Biodiversity Variables

A

Measurable variable to consider factors of habitats. There are so many ways to fragment so you need to know a lot of measurements.

343
Q

Effects of Fragmentation with Constant Habitat Amount

A

Can be negative (decreased habitat quality) or positive (reduced isolation)

344
Q

WMA

A

Wildlife management area

345
Q

Succession with Fire Line

A

Propagation in one direction from unburned to burned

346
Q

Succession with Fire Patches

A

Propagation radiating outwards in all directions from unburned patches to burned surrounding

347
Q

Satellite Data Providers

A

NASA, NAIP, European Space Agency. All have different spatial resolutions and take pictures at different time intervals

348
Q

NASA

A

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

349
Q

NAIP

A

National agriculture Imagery Program

350
Q

Lidar Data Sets

A

Provide fine-resolution digital elevation models and vegetation height

351
Q

Elevation

A

Affects different species differently. Different drainage and vegetation.

352
Q

Non-Vegetated Land Cover

A

Open water, perennial ice and snow

353
Q

Developed Land Cover

A

Developed with open spaces, low intensity, medium intensity, or high intensity development

354
Q

Agriculture Land Cover

A

Hay/pasture, cultivated crops

355
Q

Natural Land Cover

A

Barren land, forests, shrub, grassland, wetlands

356
Q

Changing Grain Size of Landscape Patterns

A

There could be like 20 different land cover types in one area, but it can be simplified using less grain to only show 4.

357
Q

Ways to Present GIS Landscape Data

A

Categorical or continuous

358
Q

Categorical Presentation of GIS Landscape Data

A

Landscape composition, spatial configuration, connectivity

359
Q

Continuous Presentation of GIS Landscape Data

A

Landscape composition, patchiness

360
Q

Overlaying GIS Layers

A

Overlaying spatial model variables like elevation, suitable landcover, and suitable hydrology to determine where they all overlap to determine the predicted habitat.

361
Q

Marginal Habitat

A

Offers only marginal conditions. Excludes the best areas for the species in the centre of the area.

362
Q

Edge Types

A

No edges are exactly the same. Different habitats and different matrices will create different transitional zones.

363
Q

Different Configurations of the Same Landscape Components

A

Represent different habitats to different species

364
Q

Development Intensity

A

Higher intensity of development = greater negative effects on species within the patch

365
Q

Cities and Towers

A

Unfavourable for most animals, even birds (towers get in the way of migration)

366
Q

MDC

A

Maximum diameter circle

367
Q

Maximum Diameter Circle

A

Largest circle that can fit inside a patch. Indicates the functional size of the patch. Width (or whatever) is the limiting factor.

368
Q

Circles of Land Cover

A

Most area with least edge

369
Q

Solid Patches and Connectivity

A

The idea is to reduce isolation by creating a physical connection, like a corridor, from a soil isolated patch to another patch. Like the African Wild Dogs)

370
Q

Krebs et al 2007

A

Multiscale Habitat Use by Wolverines in BC

371
Q

Multiscale Habitat Use by Wolverines in BC

A

Males responded to food availability in summer and spend winters in lowlands where moose live. Females were more complex, taking into account food, predation risk, and human disturbances. They liked quiet alpine and avalanche environments where hoary marmot and Columbia ground squirrels were found in the summer, but they shied away from loaded areas in the summer. They all stayed away from skiing areas of the mountains.

372
Q

Wolverine Travel Distance

A

Travel the same 0-30 km each time, even if there is a huge interval in between. Males travel further than females.

373
Q

AIC

A

Akaike’s Information Criterion

374
Q

Delta AIC

A

Measures error. Higher value = more error.

375
Q

RSF

A

Resource selection function

376
Q

Cozzi et al 2020

A

African wild dog dispersal and implications for management

377
Q

African wild dog dispersal and implications for management

A

African wild dogs are more hindered by medium to high human densities than any natural landscape features. Humans were responsible for over 90% of recorded deaths.

378
Q

Decker et al 2019

A

Moving the paradigm from stakeholders to beneficiaries in wildlife management

379
Q

Strategic habitat conservation for beach mice: estimating management scenario efficiencies

A

Habitat objectives would be met after 7 years of post-storm management. First restore protected habitats, then unprotected.

380
Q

Lott et al 2020

A

Genetic management of captive and reintroduced Billy populations

381
Q

Moving the paradigm from stakeholders to beneficiaries in wildlife management

A

Citizen engagement dictates management efforts. We need to shift to a beneficiary orientation to increase public engagement.

382
Q

Roberts et al 2021

A

An integrated population model for harvest management of Atlantic brant

383
Q

Bighorn sheep genetic structure in Wyoming reflects geography and management

A

Quantify the extent of genetic diversity and estimate degree of gene flow. Clusters reflected a combination of extensive geographic isolation and translocation.

384
Q

Peterman et al 2018

A

Using spatial demographic network models to optimize habitat management

385
Q

Genetic management of captive and reintroduced Billy populations

A

Genes can be managed in zoos but reintroducing them into the wild will allow more genetic diversity. The issue though is decreasing mortality in the wild.

386
Q

Johnson 2019

A

Effects of grassland management on overwintering bird communities

387
Q

Factors associated with black bear densities and implications for management

A

More human development = lower black bear density. Higher primary productivity = higher black bear density

388
Q

Resnik et al 2018

A

Island fox spatial ecology and implications for management of disease

389
Q

An integrated population model for harvest management of Atlantic brant

A

Improve harvest management with stricter hunting regulations and predicting abundance before the annual hunting regulations are set

390
Q

Evaluating conservation effectiveness in a Tanzanian community wildlife management area

A

Management leads to higher densities of wild ungulate populations and lower densities of domestic ungulate populations in the WMA. Survival and population growth rate increased with management.

391
Q

Peterman et al 2018

A

Using spatial demographic network models to optimize habitat management

392
Q

Using spatial demographic network models to optimize habitat management

A

Not many ponds were sources and most were sinks. Pond network is important, including recruitment, dispersal ability, and produced emigrants. New ponds need to be created at optimal locations and those already in optimal locations need to be restored.

393
Q

Effects of grassland management on overwintering bird communities

A

More grassland obligate species with decreased vegetation structure. Management timing is critical, must manage at least a year before or leave unmanaged to increase species richness.

394
Q

Island fox spatial ecology and implications for management of disease

A

Foxes near roads use those roads to move farther, faster, easier, spreading pathogens further, faster, and easier. Increase width of vaccine firewalls, especially near roads, to catch more island foxes and vaccinate them.

395
Q

CBNRM

A

Community-based natural resource management

Wildlife Management (1 decks)

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