Exam Flashcards
Definition of critical thinking
A self — directed process in which we take deliberate steps to think at the highest quality of thought
The name of the first text book on critical thinking
The advancement of learning
who formed the basis of critical thinking
Socrates
who wrote the advancement of learning
Francis bacon
When the book was created
1633
claims made by____
People in authority
people in authority can_____
Be deeply confused and irrational
individuals need to_____
Seek evidence, examine reasoning and assumptions, analysize basic concepts before accepting ideas
3 levels of quality
Lower order thinking, higher order thinking, highest order thinking
How many characteristics of critical thinker are there?
9
Clarity
To understand one’s meaning
Accuracy
to reduce error or contradiction
precision
To tackle necessary details
Depth
To address the difficulties/external factors that came along
breadth
To cover all the necessary perspective
logic
To reduce contradictions
significance
To refocus on the important details
Fairness
To reduce bias
relevance
To relate to the right content
S + el + ex
State, elaborate, example
critical thinking provide us a _____
Checklist to check the logic of the argument or statement
critical thinking help us to____
Identify, analyze, evaluate, reason about argument
describe lower order of thinking
Thoughts don’t reflect at all, relies on git intuition, self-served and self-deceived, low too mixed skill level
describe higher order thinking
Maybe skilled in sophistry, inconsistently fair, selectively reflective, lack of critical thinking vocabulary, high skill level
describe highest order thinking
Consistent, consistently fair, use of critical thinking analysis, explicitly reflective, highest skill level
green thinking
Spontaneous thinking that is unconsciously guided
green thinking is guided by____
Instincts and influenced by environment
green thinking prefer to fall back____
To something that they have been doing all years
red thinking
Higher order executive functioning, thinking that analyzes, assesses and improves green thinking
why improve red thinking
Not to feel guilty afterwards
what means red thinking
To stop and think
red thinking need to take____
Charge if thoughts (self-directed process) and consciously evaluate thoughts (deliberate steps) before making a decision
attended information
Pay attention in order for information to store
how can attention come to judgment
People begin to judge, evaluate, categorize and criticize
media literacy
Is the ability to analyze, access, interpret, and create media (communication) in a variety forms
purpose of media
To explain, describe, instruct, warn, persuade, entertain, recount
media in our life
Huge part of our life (source of information, culture and knowledge), effect our thoughts and actions (persuasive blend of words, images and sounds), not anti-media (empowers people as they make decision)
types of traditional media
Broadcast and print
new media
Internet
sex appeal
Use of sexual interest
sex appeal elements
No clothes, physical contact, eye contact seductive
snob appeal
Evoke desire in the audience by igniting a sense of superiority
snob appeal elements
Arrogant (the most…), exclusive, high quality, customized
appeal to authority
Focus on public figure (icon)
appeal to authority elements
Name mentioned, the image of public figure
plain folks appeal
Use of ordinary people
plain folks appeal
Use of ordinary people
Plain folk appeal elements
Product and people are ordinary, price range is reasonable, available
Bandwagon appeal
Peer pressure (you will not be left out following the trend)
bandwagon Appeal elements
Focus on the majority (words, phrases, percentage that show big group of people)
shock appeal
Violating norms for stoical values and ideas
Shock Appeal elements
Images or words that are horrifying/unpleasant, displays fears
to perceive
To come to realization or understand, to interpret in a particular way
Opinion
Statement cannot be checked or proven
fact
Statement can be proven to be true or false as cannot be changed
bias
Storing opinion about something
bias based on___
Preconceived prejudice ow wide points rather than evidence
intentional bias
using bias on purpose to persuade someone (presenting facts that support your position while leaving put points that don’t)
unintentional Bias
person tries to be accurate but does not have complete information, even of there is no intent to give wrong information
reasons for bias
Writer has an incomplete info, Writer want to influence or convince you, Writers past experience
Generalization
A broad statement about group of people or things
MAMSANG
Most, always, many, sometimes, all, never, generally
Generalization cons
Made with insufficient information e.a assumptions
Does not give credit to individual references
Risk of over generalization
False stereotypes
generalization pros
Passed on information
To organize the massive amount of information
Detect lies in a person, making diagnosis
reference
reasonable or educated guess about what the author does not say based on what they do say
Ethics
the rules of standards governing the conduct by which you live your life and make decisions
Ethics gives us
a baseline for understanding the concept of right and wrong
ethics act as our
Mediator when dealing or coming into contact with other people
Ethics are____
Passed on to others - we have ability to show others the correct way to react and behave
utilitarian perspective
Considers consequences or out-comes of an action and seeks to maximize the greatest good for the greatest number of those affected by the decision
Right perspective
Considers entitlements of those affected by the decision
Justice perspective
Considers the equitable distribution of the benefits and cost resulting from any actions takes
The universal consequence
consider the consequence of your action
The role exchange test
empathize with the other person affected
The new cases test
apply another case of higher difficulty
The higher principal test
consider another similar principle oh higher or more general nature
