Exam Flashcards
Define culture
The various beliefs, attitudes, shared traits or behaviours within a given group of people
Define ethnicity
the act of belonging to a specific group that share common things such as behaviour, religion or values
Define cultural diversity
The idea that within a society, there are always going to be many different cultural groups that exist
Define cultural competence
A persons awareness and understanding across various cultures and their ability to develop positive attitudes towards them
Define unconscious bias
the social stereotypes that are formed about certain groups of people within by an individual unconciously
Why do nurses need to control their unconscious bias?
Because being judgemental can cause a patient to feel unwelcome. They need to portray a non judgemental attitude to all patients
what are 5 observable and 5 non observable characteristics of cultural iceberg
observable:
- language
-dress
- appearance
- flags
- traditions/holidays
non observable:
- religious practices
- personal beliefs
- role in family
- sexual identity
- body language
What does a culturally competent healthcare system look like?
Multicultural staff, non judgemental, accepting staff, best practice and regular training
define vulnerable populations
some populations are considered vulnerable because they are “disadvantaged” compared to other in a community
what are 5 vulnerable populations
- age (children, elderly)
- socioeconomic (homelessness, poverty )
- gender (LGBTQI community)
- disability - (mental/physical disability)
- women (gender)
what role do nurses play in vulnerable populations?
nurses need to be culturally competent and treat every patient equally regardless of their situation to achieve the best outcome
define refugee
someone who has been forced to flee their own country because of persecution, war or violence
define asylum seeker
someone who has fled their own country and apply to the government of another country for protection, but it has not yet been verified
what are some population health indicators
life expectancy
crude death rate
disability adjusted life years
alcohol related indicators
why are vulnerable populations considered vulnerable
mostly related to the SDH; The components of the SDH make up a persons life, therefore if these are low, they are going to be considered vulnerable
example of a vulnerable population and WHY
homeless people have less access to adequate amount of food and clean water and shelter, therefore their health is compromised as a result
define incidence
the rate at which a disease is spreading in a population
define prevalence
the number of cases of a disease present in a population at a given time
what are the 10 social determinants of health
the social gradient stress early life social exclusion work unemployment social support addiction food transport
define health inequalities
are the differences in health status between population groups e.g.. white Aussies vs indigenous
how do SDH affect health inequalities
poorer social/economic circumstances = greater risk of poor health = higher rates of illness, disability = live shorter lives than those who are not vulnerable
what are some Australian health inqualities
social gradients (increased income = increased health) life expectancy (white Aussies vs. indigenous ) children (decreased income=affects them through education food etc rural vs metropolitan (less access to fresh foods)
what are sustainable development goals
a universal plea to put in the work to end poverty, protect the planet and to improve the standard of living around the world
what are SDH
the conditions in which people live, work and play. a group of conditions which are formed by the distribution of money, power and resources at all levels of government
what do SDH have to do with nurses/midwives
they tell a nurse vital information about the conditions in which people live and how they are shaped, so they can adapt their care for the specific patient
what are 5 examples of sustainable development goals
- no poverty
- good health/wellbeing
- zero hunger
- quality education
- gender equality
how do SDG’s relate to global health
many overseas countries have issues with almost all of the SDH’s. many diseases/poor health outcomes are caused by inequities of the SDH
define public health
acts to prevent disease, prolong life and promote physical health through the organised efforts of organisations, public/private communities and individuals. PROTECT, PROMOTE, PREVENT
what are some examples of public health
alcohol pregnancy warning labels indigenous health education cancer screening immunisations seatbelt laws
what is global health
understanding healthcare in an international context
STUDY, RESEARCH AND PRACTICE to improve the lives of people worldwide
what is epidemiology
deals with the study of incidence, distribution and possible control of diseases and other health related factors
what are the 3 components of public health
PROMOTE good health
PREVENT disease
PROTECT the population from poor health outcomes
define globalisation
movement across national boundaries of people, ideas, money, goods and services which results in the world becoming more politically, economically and culturally interdependent
how does globalisation affect health
increased technology = increased mental health
increased fast food = poorer health outcomes
increased trade = increased work opportunities
what are some positives of globalisation
increased technology
increased culture growth
increased mobility
what are some negatives of globalisation
increased infectious diseases
increased terrorism
increased damaging food (trade)
define communicable / infectious disease
those that can be transmitted from person to person e.g.. influenza, malaria, HIV/AIDS, Covid 19
define non communicable diesease
those that cannot be transmitted from person to person eg. cancer, diabetes, heart attack, stroke
describe the mode of transmission of communicable diseases
microorganism is able to leave the body of the infected, enter the person/animal and the second person must be susceptible
differentiate between direct and indirect contact
direct is through droplets, headline whereas indirect is through food and water borne
what are the determinants of non communicable diseases
BIOMEDICAL: BP, cholesterol, obesity
BEHAVIOURAL: poor nutrition, inactivity, smoking
SOCIOENVIRONMENTAL: SDH
what does R0 (naught) represent
how infectious a disease is. represents how many people it infects per case (in another person)
what are public health interventions for communicable diseases?
surveillance (monitor disease trends and global health trends )
contact tracing
vaccination
define mortality rate
measure of the rate at which deaths occur in a population
define morbidity rate
is having a disease or symptom of a disease or the amount of disease within a population
define hyperendemic
persistent, high levels of disease occurrence
define endemic disease
the amount of a particular disease that is usually present within a community
define epidemic disease
widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time
define pandemic disease
worldwide spread of a new disease
define sporadic disease
refers to disease that occurs irregularly and infrequently
define co epidemic
arises when the spread of one infectious disease stimulates the spread of another infectious disease
define infection control
describes the systems, behaviours and structures that are designed to break the transmission of microorganisms from infected patients to unaffected people
define maternal mortality
the annual number of female deaths from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy
what are some public health interventions for non communicable diseases
prevention
early detection/treatment
integrated/coordinated care
self management
define climate change
is the increases in green house gas emissions secondary to human activity that have led to long term changes on the planet
how does the environment affect human health
through the water we drink, the air we breath, the food we have access to, control of infectious disease and protection from disaster
describe primary, secondary and tertiary effects
primary: extreme weather
secondary: malnutrition, malaria
tertiary: conflict and migration
define mitigation
aimed at tackling the causes and minimising the possible impacts of climate change
what are mitigation strategies for nurses
reducing waste
preventative programs
disease surveillance
forecast future health risks
define adaptation
reducing something/ reducing the effect of something that has already happened
what are some nursing stratergies for adaptation
rostering on more staff in a heatwave
Being aware of the impacts fires, floods and drought can have on mental illness
how can we improve environmental sustainability in healthcare
leadership: prioritise environmental health as a strategic imperative
chemicals: substitute harmful chemicals for safer alternatives
buildings: support green and healthy hospital design
define health promotion
process of enabling people to take control over and improve their health to reach a state of complete physical, social and mental wellbeing
what is included in the primary prevention stratergy
Avoid development of a disease, remove risk factors, avoid occurrence of poor health
what is included in the secondary prevention stratergy
early detection of treatment, prevent progression, detecting and curing before symptoms occur
what is included in tertiary prevention stratergy
reduce complications of established disease, disease has passed early stages
what are the 5 aspects of health promotion strategies
- build public policies that support health (easier access to healthy choices e.g.. smoking restrictions)
- creating supportive environments (to increase the ability of people to make healthy choices e.g.. where people live work and play
- strengthen community action (collective actions of communities to improve health e.g… fun runs)
- reorienting health services (make health systems focus more on people e.g.. training doctors to educate people to stop smoking
- developing personal skills (supporting personal and social development eg. access to websites)
what are the three health promotion strategies
ENABLE: giving all people the opportunity to achieve there own full health potential
MEDIATE: reconcile own competing interests to promote/protect health
ADVOCATE: advocacy for health systems to create the essential conditions for health
describe the three models of health promotion
BIOMEDICAL MODEL: addresses risky behaviours, healthy lifestyle (downstream)
SOCIAL MODEL: broader social determinants of health (upstream)
BEHAVIOURAL MODEL: promotion of healthy lifestyle (midstream)
what are the three approaches to health promotion
UPSTREAM: prevention at a national level
MIDSTREAM: prevention at a local organisational level
DOWNSTREAM: (curing) people who are already affected
define population screening
the identification of a disease in a population or group by tests, examinations, or other procedures applied quickly to a population
what is the difference between screening an diagnostic testing
screening is offered systematically to all individuals in an identified target group, cheap, simple
diagnostic testing is offered to someone who shows symptoms of a disease, used to CONFIRM, expensive, invasive
what are the aims of population screening
to reduce the burden of disease, early intervention, and improving disease outcomes
what are the limitations of population screening
false positives
false negatives
overdiagnoses
what are 5 examples of Australian screening programs
- breast cancer screening australia
- national cervical cancer screening
- national bowel cancer screening
- newborn bloodspot screening
- prenatal screening
what are 5 screening reuqirements
- significant health problem
- available/effective treatment
- cost effective
- recognisable/early symptoms
- benefits outweigh harm
what is sensitivity
measures how often a test recognises a positive result for people who have the condition
true positives/all with disease x100
what is specificity
measures how often a test recognises a negative result for people who do not have the disease
what are the 6 elements to a healthcare system
- leadership, management
- finance
- human resources
- inventory (equipment etc)
- infrastructure
- intelligence
what is a healthcare system
all of the organisations, people and actions whose primary concern is to promote, restore or maintain health
what are the competing priorities of healthcare systems
- increasing rates of chronic disease requiring ONGOING healthcare to the individual
- ageing population which naturally increases demand on healthcare services
what are the benefits of private health insurance
shorter waiting times, access to private treatment and choosing your doctor
what is primary healthcare
the first point of contact with the health system (community based) e.g.. community health centres, allied health practices
what is secondary healthcare
medical care provided by a specialist/facility upon referral by a primary care physician e.g.. physiotherapists, medical imaging, midwives
what is tertiary healthcare
specialised consultative care (usually for inpatients) e.g.. cancer management, neurosurgery, cardiac surgery
what is the difference in international healthcare systems
constant “tug of war” between meeting the increasing demands of the healthcare systems and reducing the rising cost of services e.g.. how well did each country deal with COVID19?
what is medicare ?
government system funded by taxation which covers the cost of public healthcare services including hospital care and some GP clinics
what is the medicare benefits schedule ?
is a list of all of the services that government has agreed to fund
what is the medicare safety net?
is for individuals who have increased regular medical needs. they are given a larger proportion of money to help with the cost of their condition
what is the pharmaceutical benefits schedule?
saves people money on medication. patients pay a proportion of the price and the government pays the rest
what is the PBS saftey net?
provided to patients who have increasing regular medication costs. they are given a larger proportion of money to help with their condition
who funds the healthcare system in australia?
general taxation medicare private health insurance out of pocket payments (patients) donations
