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NUR1111 > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Define culture

A

The various beliefs, attitudes, shared traits or behaviours within a given group of people

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2
Q

Define ethnicity

A

the act of belonging to a specific group that share common things such as behaviour, religion or values

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3
Q

Define cultural diversity

A

The idea that within a society, there are always going to be many different cultural groups that exist

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4
Q

Define cultural competence

A

A persons awareness and understanding across various cultures and their ability to develop positive attitudes towards them

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5
Q

Define unconscious bias

A

the social stereotypes that are formed about certain groups of people within by an individual unconciously

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6
Q

Why do nurses need to control their unconscious bias?

A

Because being judgemental can cause a patient to feel unwelcome. They need to portray a non judgemental attitude to all patients

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7
Q

what are 5 observable and 5 non observable characteristics of cultural iceberg

A

observable:
- language
-dress
- appearance
- flags
- traditions/holidays
non observable:
- religious practices
- personal beliefs
- role in family
- sexual identity
- body language

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8
Q

What does a culturally competent healthcare system look like?

A

Multicultural staff, non judgemental, accepting staff, best practice and regular training

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9
Q

define vulnerable populations

A

some populations are considered vulnerable because they are “disadvantaged” compared to other in a community

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10
Q

what are 5 vulnerable populations

A
  • age (children, elderly)
  • socioeconomic (homelessness, poverty )
  • gender (LGBTQI community)
  • disability - (mental/physical disability)
  • women (gender)
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11
Q

what role do nurses play in vulnerable populations?

A

nurses need to be culturally competent and treat every patient equally regardless of their situation to achieve the best outcome

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12
Q

define refugee

A

someone who has been forced to flee their own country because of persecution, war or violence

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13
Q

define asylum seeker

A

someone who has fled their own country and apply to the government of another country for protection, but it has not yet been verified

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14
Q

what are some population health indicators

A

life expectancy
crude death rate
disability adjusted life years
alcohol related indicators

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15
Q

why are vulnerable populations considered vulnerable

A

mostly related to the SDH; The components of the SDH make up a persons life, therefore if these are low, they are going to be considered vulnerable

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16
Q

example of a vulnerable population and WHY

A

homeless people have less access to adequate amount of food and clean water and shelter, therefore their health is compromised as a result

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17
Q

define incidence

A

the rate at which a disease is spreading in a population

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18
Q

define prevalence

A

the number of cases of a disease present in a population at a given time

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19
Q

what are the 10 social determinants of health

A 
the social gradient 
stress
early life
social exclusion 
work
unemployment 
social support
addiction
food
transport
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20
Q

define health inequalities

A

are the differences in health status between population groups e.g.. white Aussies vs indigenous

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21
Q

how do SDH affect health inequalities

A

poorer social/economic circumstances = greater risk of poor health = higher rates of illness, disability = live shorter lives than those who are not vulnerable

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22
Q

what are some Australian health inqualities

A 
social gradients (increased income = increased health)
life expectancy (white Aussies vs. indigenous )
children (decreased income=affects them through education food etc
rural vs metropolitan (less access to fresh foods)
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23
Q

what are sustainable development goals

A

a universal plea to put in the work to end poverty, protect the planet and to improve the standard of living around the world

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24
Q

what are SDH

A

the conditions in which people live, work and play. a group of conditions which are formed by the distribution of money, power and resources at all levels of government

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25
Q

what do SDH have to do with nurses/midwives

A

they tell a nurse vital information about the conditions in which people live and how they are shaped, so they can adapt their care for the specific patient

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26
Q

what are 5 examples of sustainable development goals

A
  • no poverty
  • good health/wellbeing
  • zero hunger
  • quality education
  • gender equality
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27
Q

how do SDG’s relate to global health

A

many overseas countries have issues with almost all of the SDH’s. many diseases/poor health outcomes are caused by inequities of the SDH

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28
Q

define public health

A

acts to prevent disease, prolong life and promote physical health through the organised efforts of organisations, public/private communities and individuals. PROTECT, PROMOTE, PREVENT

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29
Q

what are some examples of public health

A 
alcohol pregnancy warning labels 
indigenous health education 
cancer screening 
immunisations 
seatbelt laws
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30
Q

what is global health

A

understanding healthcare in an international context

STUDY, RESEARCH AND PRACTICE to improve the lives of people worldwide

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31
Q

what is epidemiology

A

deals with the study of incidence, distribution and possible control of diseases and other health related factors

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32
Q

what are the 3 components of public health

A

PROMOTE good health
PREVENT disease
PROTECT the population from poor health outcomes

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33
Q

define globalisation

A

movement across national boundaries of people, ideas, money, goods and services which results in the world becoming more politically, economically and culturally interdependent

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34
Q

how does globalisation affect health

A

increased technology = increased mental health
increased fast food = poorer health outcomes
increased trade = increased work opportunities

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35
Q

what are some positives of globalisation

A

increased technology
increased culture growth
increased mobility

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36
Q

what are some negatives of globalisation

A

increased infectious diseases
increased terrorism
increased damaging food (trade)

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37
Q

define communicable / infectious disease

A

those that can be transmitted from person to person e.g.. influenza, malaria, HIV/AIDS, Covid 19

38
Q

define non communicable diesease

A

those that cannot be transmitted from person to person eg. cancer, diabetes, heart attack, stroke

39
Q

describe the mode of transmission of communicable diseases

A

microorganism is able to leave the body of the infected, enter the person/animal and the second person must be susceptible

40
Q

differentiate between direct and indirect contact

A

direct is through droplets, headline whereas indirect is through food and water borne

41
Q

what are the determinants of non communicable diseases

A

BIOMEDICAL: BP, cholesterol, obesity
BEHAVIOURAL: poor nutrition, inactivity, smoking
SOCIOENVIRONMENTAL: SDH

42
Q

what does R0 (naught) represent

A

how infectious a disease is. represents how many people it infects per case (in another person)

43
Q

what are public health interventions for communicable diseases?

A

surveillance (monitor disease trends and global health trends )
contact tracing
vaccination

44
Q

define mortality rate

A

measure of the rate at which deaths occur in a population

45
Q

define morbidity rate

A

is having a disease or symptom of a disease or the amount of disease within a population

46
Q

define hyperendemic

A

persistent, high levels of disease occurrence

47
Q

define endemic disease

A

the amount of a particular disease that is usually present within a community

48
Q

define epidemic disease

A

widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time

49
Q

define pandemic disease

A

worldwide spread of a new disease

50
Q

define sporadic disease

A

refers to disease that occurs irregularly and infrequently

51
Q

define co epidemic

A

arises when the spread of one infectious disease stimulates the spread of another infectious disease

52
Q

define infection control

A

describes the systems, behaviours and structures that are designed to break the transmission of microorganisms from infected patients to unaffected people

53
Q

define maternal mortality

A

the annual number of female deaths from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy

54
Q

what are some public health interventions for non communicable diseases

A

prevention
early detection/treatment
integrated/coordinated care
self management

55
Q

define climate change

A

is the increases in green house gas emissions secondary to human activity that have led to long term changes on the planet

56
Q

how does the environment affect human health

A

through the water we drink, the air we breath, the food we have access to, control of infectious disease and protection from disaster

57
Q

describe primary, secondary and tertiary effects

A

primary: extreme weather
secondary: malnutrition, malaria
tertiary: conflict and migration

58
Q

define mitigation

A

aimed at tackling the causes and minimising the possible impacts of climate change

59
Q

what are mitigation strategies for nurses

A

reducing waste
preventative programs
disease surveillance
forecast future health risks

60
Q

define adaptation

A

reducing something/ reducing the effect of something that has already happened

61
Q

what are some nursing stratergies for adaptation

A

rostering on more staff in a heatwave

Being aware of the impacts fires, floods and drought can have on mental illness

62
Q

how can we improve environmental sustainability in healthcare

A

leadership: prioritise environmental health as a strategic imperative
chemicals: substitute harmful chemicals for safer alternatives
buildings: support green and healthy hospital design

63
Q

define health promotion

A

process of enabling people to take control over and improve their health to reach a state of complete physical, social and mental wellbeing

64
Q

what is included in the primary prevention stratergy

A

Avoid development of a disease, remove risk factors, avoid occurrence of poor health

65
Q

what is included in the secondary prevention stratergy

A

early detection of treatment, prevent progression, detecting and curing before symptoms occur

66
Q

what is included in tertiary prevention stratergy

A

reduce complications of established disease, disease has passed early stages

67
Q

what are the 5 aspects of health promotion strategies

A
  • build public policies that support health (easier access to healthy choices e.g.. smoking restrictions)
  • creating supportive environments (to increase the ability of people to make healthy choices e.g.. where people live work and play
  • strengthen community action (collective actions of communities to improve health e.g… fun runs)
  • reorienting health services (make health systems focus more on people e.g.. training doctors to educate people to stop smoking
  • developing personal skills (supporting personal and social development eg. access to websites)
68
Q

what are the three health promotion strategies

A

ENABLE: giving all people the opportunity to achieve there own full health potential
MEDIATE: reconcile own competing interests to promote/protect health
ADVOCATE: advocacy for health systems to create the essential conditions for health

69
Q

describe the three models of health promotion

A

BIOMEDICAL MODEL: addresses risky behaviours, healthy lifestyle (downstream)
SOCIAL MODEL: broader social determinants of health (upstream)
BEHAVIOURAL MODEL: promotion of healthy lifestyle (midstream)

70
Q

what are the three approaches to health promotion

A

UPSTREAM: prevention at a national level
MIDSTREAM: prevention at a local organisational level
DOWNSTREAM: (curing) people who are already affected

71
Q

define population screening

A

the identification of a disease in a population or group by tests, examinations, or other procedures applied quickly to a population

72
Q

what is the difference between screening an diagnostic testing

A

screening is offered systematically to all individuals in an identified target group, cheap, simple
diagnostic testing is offered to someone who shows symptoms of a disease, used to CONFIRM, expensive, invasive

73
Q

what are the aims of population screening

A

to reduce the burden of disease, early intervention, and improving disease outcomes

74
Q

what are the limitations of population screening

A

false positives
false negatives
overdiagnoses

75
Q

what are 5 examples of Australian screening programs

A
  • breast cancer screening australia
  • national cervical cancer screening
  • national bowel cancer screening
  • newborn bloodspot screening
  • prenatal screening
76
Q

what are 5 screening reuqirements

A
  • significant health problem
  • available/effective treatment
  • cost effective
  • recognisable/early symptoms
  • benefits outweigh harm
77
Q

what is sensitivity

A

measures how often a test recognises a positive result for people who have the condition
true positives/all with disease x100

78
Q

what is specificity

A

measures how often a test recognises a negative result for people who do not have the disease

79
Q

what are the 6 elements to a healthcare system

A
  • leadership, management
  • finance
  • human resources
  • inventory (equipment etc)
  • infrastructure
  • intelligence
80
Q

what is a healthcare system

A

all of the organisations, people and actions whose primary concern is to promote, restore or maintain health

81
Q

what are the competing priorities of healthcare systems

A
  • increasing rates of chronic disease requiring ONGOING healthcare to the individual
  • ageing population which naturally increases demand on healthcare services
82
Q

what are the benefits of private health insurance

A

shorter waiting times, access to private treatment and choosing your doctor

83
Q

what is primary healthcare

A

the first point of contact with the health system (community based) e.g.. community health centres, allied health practices

84
Q

what is secondary healthcare

A

medical care provided by a specialist/facility upon referral by a primary care physician e.g.. physiotherapists, medical imaging, midwives

85
Q

what is tertiary healthcare

A

specialised consultative care (usually for inpatients) e.g.. cancer management, neurosurgery, cardiac surgery

86
Q

what is the difference in international healthcare systems

A

constant “tug of war” between meeting the increasing demands of the healthcare systems and reducing the rising cost of services e.g.. how well did each country deal with COVID19?

87
Q

what is medicare ?

A

government system funded by taxation which covers the cost of public healthcare services including hospital care and some GP clinics

88
Q

what is the medicare benefits schedule ?

A

is a list of all of the services that government has agreed to fund

89
Q

what is the medicare safety net?

A

is for individuals who have increased regular medical needs. they are given a larger proportion of money to help with the cost of their condition

90
Q

what is the pharmaceutical benefits schedule?

A

saves people money on medication. patients pay a proportion of the price and the government pays the rest

91
Q

what is the PBS saftey net?

A

provided to patients who have increasing regular medication costs. they are given a larger proportion of money to help with their condition

92
Q

who funds the healthcare system in australia?

A 
general taxation
medicare
private health insurance 
out of pocket payments (patients)
donations

NUR1111 (2 decks)

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