Exam 10/16 Flashcards
What skills are needed as a Project Manager?
Communication/Good Listener Organization/Time Management Big Picture: Business goals and strategies Delegate, MOtivate Adaptive Sales 101
What are the five stages to managing a product?
Initiate, Plan, Monitor and Control, Implement, and Close
What three things should be done in the initiation stage of a project?
SWOT
Feasibility
Sell to CFO
What are the four types of feasibility that a project manager should look at?
Economic
Operational
Schedule
Technical
What is the quadruple constraint?
Time
Scope
Cost
Quality in the middle as a factor of all three
What is SDLC?
Systems Development Life Cycle: Waterfall
Waterfall Methodology
- Planning (Project initiation, Project Management)
- Analysis (What is the new system trying to solve about the current system?)
- Design (Logical Design, Physical Design)
- Implementation(Developed or Purchased)
- System
Disadvantages of the Waterfall Methodology
Sequential process, cannot go back
No overlap in stages
Only works when: Requirements are stable Technology is well known and mature Everything happens as one would expect We have done this before
Many people use a modifed SDLC, CAN go back
What is the number one reason why projects fail?
Poor requirements management
What are four alternatives to the SDLC?
Prototyping
Joint Application Design
Rapid Application Development
Agile Methodologies
Prototyping
Designing a sample of a product and going back and forth between design and customer until it is perfect.
RAD
Methodology to decrease design and implementation time
Involves: prototyping, JAD, CASE tools, and code generators
Requirements Planning ->
User Design -> <-
Cutover
Agile Methodologies
Software development as fluid, unpredictable, and dynamic.
What are the three main principles of Agile Methodologies?
- Adaptive rather than predictive
- Emphasize people rather than roles
- Self-adaptive processes
Data Model
A plan, or blueprint, for a database design.
Is more generalized and abstract than a database design.
It is easier to change a data model than it is to change a database design, so it is the appropriate place to work through conceptual database problems.
ER-Model
A set of concepts and graphical symbols that can be used to create conceptual schemas.
Entity
Something that can be identified and the users want to track
Entity Class
A collection of entities of a given type/ a description of the structure and format of the occurrences of the entity
i.e. Customer entity class
Entity Instance
The occurrence of a particular entity
i.e. If customer was the class:
Instance:
John Doe
603-508-1158
j.doe@wildcats.unh.edu
Attributes
Entities have attributes that describe the entity’s characteristics.
Attributes have a data type and properties
Identifiers
Attributes that name, or identify, entity instances.
Composite Identifiers
Identifiers that consist of two or more attribute
Relationship
How entities are associated with each other
Degree
The number of entity classes in a relationship
Maximum Caridinalitiy
The maximum number of entity instances that can participate in a relationship.
Minimum Caridinality
The minimum number of entity instances that must participate in a relationship.
Parent Entity
Employe-|-|———-|-<Computer
Employee is the parent
Data Modeling Notation
a) ———-
Original ER Model
b)–|——————<
Crow’s Foot Model
c) ———————1..*
Viso Model
Identifying Relationship
If an entity depends on the parent entity for its existence, than it is an identifying relationship and it is identified by a SOLID line
Weak Entity
An entity whose existence depends upon another entity
DOES NOT have to be an identifying relationship
Can be ID-Dependent or Non-ID-Dependent
Subtypes
Sex ——> male
——-> female
This is exclusive, subtypes can be inclusive
Why do we have to capture cardinality of relationships?
Cardinality enforces business rules
Discriminator
Decides which subtype the person fulls into in an exclusive setting
Three types of anomolies
Deletion Anomaly: When we delete one row, the structure of this table forces us to lose facts about tow different things
Insertion Anomaly: the structure of this table forces us to enter facts about different things when we only want to enter facts about one
Update Anomaly: the structure of this table forces us to update multiple places
Normalization
Primarily a tool to validate and improve a design so that it satisfies certain constraints that avoid anomalies
The process of decomposing relations with anomalies to produce smaller, well-structured relations
Functional Dependency
Occurs when the value of one or many attributes determines the value of a one or many secondary attributes.
Determinant
Attribute on the left side of a functional dependency
Composite Determinant
A determinant of a functional dependency that consists of more than one attribute
(StudentName, ClassName) -> (Grade)
Unique Determinant
A determinant is unique in a relation if, and only if, it determines every other column in the relation
Key
A combination of one or more columns that is used to identify rows in a relation
Candidate Key
A key that determines all of the other columns in a relation
Primary Key
A candidate key selected as the primary means of identifying rows in a relation:
Surrogate Key
Arbitrary key value (propertyID)
Foreign Key
The primary key of one relation that is placed in another relation to form a link between the relations.
Primary key of one side always put as foreign key in many side.
Referential Integrity
The foreign key must be in the primary key table
Boyce-Codd Normal Form
Every determinant is a primary key
Multi-valued Dependency
occurs when a determinant determines a particular set of values:
Employee -> Degree
Employee -> Sibling
PartKit -> Part
Always put them in their OWN relation
4th Normal Form
BCNF with no multi-valued dependencies
1st Normal Form
Meets the definition of a relation
2nd Normal Form
No partial dependencies
3rd Normal Form
No transitive dependencies
Partial Dependency
Part of a primary key determines another attribute, but not the whole key
Transitive Dependency
The primary key determines one attribute, and that attribute determines another attribute in the table
Difference between BCNF and 3NF
BCNF- All determinants HAVE to be unique
