Exam 10/16 Flashcards by Stephen Chambers

What skills are needed as a Project Manager?

Communication/Good Listener
Organization/Time Management
Big Picture: Business goals and strategies
Delegate, MOtivate
Adaptive
Sales 101

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What are the five stages to managing a product?

Initiate, Plan, Monitor and Control, Implement, and Close

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What three things should be done in the initiation stage of a project?

SWOT
Feasibility
Sell to CFO

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What are the four types of feasibility that a project manager should look at?

Economic
Operational
Schedule
Technical

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What is the quadruple constraint?

Time
Scope
Cost
Quality in the middle as a factor of all three

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What is SDLC?

Systems Development Life Cycle: Waterfall

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Waterfall Methodology

Planning (Project initiation, Project Management)
Analysis (What is the new system trying to solve about the current system?)
Design (Logical Design, Physical Design)
Implementation(Developed or Purchased)
System

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Disadvantages of the Waterfall Methodology

Sequential process, cannot go back
No overlap in stages

Only works when:
Requirements are stable
Technology is well known and mature
Everything happens as one would expect
We have done this before

Many people use a modifed SDLC, CAN go back

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What is the number one reason why projects fail?

Poor requirements management

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What are four alternatives to the SDLC?

Prototyping
Joint Application Design
Rapid Application Development
Agile Methodologies

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Prototyping

Designing a sample of a product and going back and forth between design and customer until it is perfect.

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RAD

Methodology to decrease design and implementation time
Involves: prototyping, JAD, CASE tools, and code generators

Requirements Planning ->
User Design -> <-
Cutover

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Agile Methodologies

Software development as fluid, unpredictable, and dynamic.

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What are the three main principles of Agile Methodologies?

Adaptive rather than predictive
Emphasize people rather than roles
Self-adaptive processes

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Data Model

A plan, or blueprint, for a database design.

Is more generalized and abstract than a database design.

It is easier to change a data model than it is to change a database design, so it is the appropriate place to work through conceptual database problems.

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ER-Model

A set of concepts and graphical symbols that can be used to create conceptual schemas.

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Entity

Something that can be identified and the users want to track

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Entity Class

A collection of entities of a given type/ a description of the structure and format of the occurrences of the entity
i.e. Customer entity class

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Entity Instance

The occurrence of a particular entity
i.e. If customer was the class:

Instance:
John Doe
603-508-1158
j.doe@wildcats.unh.edu

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Attributes

Entities have attributes that describe the entity’s characteristics.
Attributes have a data type and properties

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Identifiers

Attributes that name, or identify, entity instances.

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Composite Identifiers

Identifiers that consist of two or more attribute

Relationship

How entities are associated with each other

Degree

The number of entity classes in a relationship

Maximum Caridinalitiy

The maximum number of entity instances that *can* participate in a relationship.

Minimum Caridinality

The minimum number of entity instances that *must* participate in a relationship.

Parent Entity

Employe-|-|----------|-

Data Modeling Notation

a) ---------- Original ER Model b)--|------------------< Crow's Foot Model c) ---------------------1..* Viso Model

Identifying Relationship

If an entity depends on the parent entity for its existence, than it is an identifying relationship and it is identified by a SOLID line

Weak Entity

An entity whose existence depends upon another entity DOES NOT have to be an identifying relationship Can be ID-Dependent or Non-ID-Dependent

Subtypes

Sex ------> male -------> female This is exclusive, subtypes can be inclusive

Why do we have to capture cardinality of relationships?

Cardinality enforces business rules

Discriminator

Decides which subtype the person fulls into in an exclusive setting

Three types of anomolies

Deletion Anomaly: When we delete one row, the structure of this table forces us to lose facts about tow different things Insertion Anomaly: the structure of this table forces us to enter facts about different things when we only want to enter facts about one Update Anomaly: the structure of this table forces us to update multiple places

Normalization

Primarily a tool to validate and improve a design so that it satisfies certain constraints that avoid anomalies The process of decomposing relations with anomalies to produce smaller, well-structured relations

Functional Dependency

Occurs when the value of one or many attributes determines the value of a one or many secondary attributes.

Determinant

Attribute on the left side of a functional dependency

Composite Determinant

A determinant of a functional dependency that consists of more than one attribute (StudentName, ClassName) -> (Grade)

Unique Determinant

A determinant is unique in a relation if, and only if, it determines every other column in the relation

Key

A combination of one or more columns that is used to identify rows in a relation

Candidate Key

A key that determines all of the other columns in a relation

Primary Key

A candidate key selected as the primary means of identifying rows in a relation:

Surrogate Key

Arbitrary key value (propertyID)

Foreign Key

The primary key of one relation that is placed in another relation to form a link between the relations. Primary key of one side always put as foreign key in many side.

Referential Integrity

The foreign key must be in the primary key table

Boyce-Codd Normal Form

Every determinant is a primary key

Multi-valued Dependency

occurs when a determinant determines a particular set of values: Employee -> Degree Employee -> Sibling PartKit -> Part Always put them in their OWN relation

4th Normal Form

BCNF with no multi-valued dependencies

1st Normal Form

Meets the definition of a relation

2nd Normal Form

No partial dependencies

3rd Normal Form

No transitive dependencies

Partial Dependency

Part of a primary key determines another attribute, but not the whole key

Transitive Dependency

The primary key determines one attribute, and that attribute determines another attribute in the table

Difference between BCNF and 3NF

BCNF- All determinants HAVE to be unique