exam 1 - wu

Question 1

what is physiology?

Answer 1

1. biological study of the functions of living organisms and their parts
2. study of how living organisms function
3. foundation of medical practice

Question 2

how is physiology integrative?

Answer 2

combines multiple disciplines

Question 3

in vitro levels

Answer 3

chemical level (atom, molecule)
cellular level (smooth muscle cell)

Question 4

ex vivo levels

Answer 4

cellular level (smooth muscle cell)
tissue level (smooth muscle tissues)
organ level

Question 5

in vivo levels

Answer 5

organ system level
organismal level (organ systems working together in a human being)

Question 6

negative feedback loop (body temp regulation)

Answer 6

opposes stimulus; most physiological feedback loops

Question 7

positive feedback loop

Answer 7

reinforces stimulus (childbirth)

Question 8

7 steps of feedback loop

Answer 8

1. stimulus
2. receptor/sensor
3. input path / Afferent pathway
4. integrating center/control center/integrator
5. output path/ Efferent pathway
6. Effectors
7. Response

Question 9

what is the internal environment?

Answer 9

extracellular fluid

Question 10

explain why it is important to monitor the internal environment

give examples of parameters in this environment

Answer 10

?

pH, glucose, osmolarity, nutrients, O2, CO2, H2O, pressure

Question 11

Define homeostasis.

Is homeostasis better described as a steady state or as equilibrium?

Answer 11

internal constancy; exchange between external and internal environments helps maintain homeostasis

steady state as their are set points to be maintained ?

Question 12

Explain the roles of the parts of a system required to regulate a parameter by homeostasis?

Answer 12

?

Question 13

Describe the relationship between molecules, organelles, and cells to tissues, organs, and organ systems

Answer 13

?

Question 14

Describe the molecular components of cell membranes

Answer 14

1. Phospholipids (amphipathic: charged, polar head; nonpolar tail)
   - glycolipids
2. membrane proteins
   -transmembrane/integral/channels
   -peripheral
   -glycoproteins
3. cholesterol

Question 15

List the main functions of a plasma membrane and explain the molecular basis for each

Answer 15

1. Selective barrier
   -non-polar molecules can readily pass through lipid bilayer; ion and polar molecules must use transporters to pass through the membrane
2. Initiates intracellular communication
   - hormones and signalling molecules (ligands) binds to receptors on the PM to initiate an intracellular signaling cascade
3. Provide structural support
   -proteins embedded with the membrane form contacts with neighboring cells

Question 16

Tight junctions

Answer 16

they reduce/eliminate space btw 2 cells
(epithelium; enterocytes @ small intestine)

Question 17

gap junctions

Answer 17

allows for quick cell to cell communication (nodal/cardiac cells)

Question 18

desmosome

Answer 18

anchor between cells (interlinked hands- cardiac cells)

Question 19

Compare how the body transports substances over long and short distances

Answer 19

?

Question 20

Describe the basic principles that govern simple diffusion