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Aging Adult > Exam 1 (wks 1-4) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (wks 1-4) Flashcards

1
Q

What is ageism

A

Prejudice or discrimination against a particular age-group and especially the elderly

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2
Q

What is the difference between optimal aging and successful aging?

A

Successful aging = avoiding disease and disability, maintaining high physical and cognitive function, and sustained engagement in social and productive activities.
Optimal aging = the capacity to function across many domains in spite of medical conditions.

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3
Q

What are the 5 most common causes of death among older adults?

A

Heart disease
Cancer
Covid
Cerebrovascular diseases
chronic lower respiratory diseases
Alzheimer disease

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4
Q

What are the 6 most common chronic health conditions among older adults?

A

Hypertension
High cholesterol
Arthritis
Heart disease
Diabetes
Kidney disease

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5
Q

What is the life expectancy for men and women?

A

In 2021
73.2 for males
79.1 for females

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6
Q

What percentage of work is needed to provide an overload when prescribing exercise?

A

60%

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7
Q

How would you describe the 4 different stages of the Slippery Slope of Aging?

A
  • Fun: What you want, when you want, for as long as you want
  • Function: Choices made based on decreased physical capacity, Have mobility disability or at risk for
  • Frailty: Require help with ADLs and IADLs
  • Failure: Completely dependent
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8
Q

What are the 5 criteria for measuring frailty?

A
  • Unintentional weight loss of >/ 10 lbs in past year
  • Self-reported exhaustion 3 or more days/week
  • Muscle weakness
  • Grip strength < 23 women, < 32 men
  • Walking speed < 0.8 m/sec
  • Low level of activity
  • Sitting quietly or lying down majority of the day
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9
Q

What is the difference between a fall and a near fall?

A

Fall = inadvertently coming to rest on the ground (excludes change in position, resting on furniture wall or other objects)
Near fall = slip, trip, stumble or loss of balance with recovery and remaining upright

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10
Q

How does fear affect fall risk?

A

Fear of falling leads to restricted activities which leads to reduced physical capabilities more restricted activity/ ability and greater fear of falling.

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11
Q

Can you describe and differentiate the intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors for falls?

A

Intrinsic ex.: medical conditions, impaired vision/hearing, age related changes in neuromuscular function, gait, and postural reflexes
Extrinsic ex.: medications, improper prescription, use of assistive devices, environmental hazards

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12
Q

How can PTs screen for fall risk?

A

Stay independent brochure
OR
3 key questions:
- Have you fallen in the past 12 months?
- Do you feel unsteady when standing or walking?
- Do you worry about falling?
*If pt scores >4 on the stay independent or if they answer yes to any of the 3 questions

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13
Q

Name the four key components of a focused exam for fall assessment.

A

Focused history
Physical exam
-sensory
-neuromuscular
-aerobic endurance
Functional assessment
Environmental assessment

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14
Q

What outcome tool can PTs use to best assess sensory integration?

A
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15
Q

What are the 3 outcome measures that best predict falls?

A

Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale
Fear of Falling Avoidance Behavior Questionnaire
Timed Up and Go

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16
Q

What type of motor learning is important to enhance an individuals feed-forward mechanisms to reduce their risk of falls?

A

Practice
Mistakes

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17
Q

What is the intensity required to change a pts balance?

A

2-3 hrs/wk for a minimum of 12 wks

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18
Q

Is an assistive device enough to reduce falls?

A

No. not as a single intervention

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19
Q

Name some community intervention programs to decrease fall risk.

A

Otago Exercise Program
Master of Balance
Stay Active and Independent for Life
Moving for Better Balance

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20
Q

The three health conditions which should be identified as part of every fall assessment.

A

Osteoporosis
Depression
Polypharmacy

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21
Q

What interventions have Grade A & B evidence supporting their use in addressing fall-related risk factors?

A

Strength training
Balance training
Gait training
Correction of environmental hazards
Correction of footwear

22
Q

What are the 4 distinct phases of falling?

A

Pre-fall
Near-fall
Fall-landing
Completed fall

23
Q

What is one of the best outcome assessment tools to assess reactive postural control?

A

MiniBest test

24
Q

3 primary intervention strategies to address righting and stepping during near fall phase

A

Power training
Perturbation training
Step training

25
Q

Two primary intervention strategies to prepare older adults for safe landing strategies.

A

Knee and elbow flexion
More points of contact

26
Q

Highest risk meds for falls

A

Benzodiazepines
Cardiac meds
Anti-depressants
Antipsychotics
Antiepileptics
Antihypertensives

27
Q

What does the Barthel index assess?

A

Bed mobility, transfers, use of assistive devices and adaptive equipment

28
Q

Name 3 tests you could use to assess aerobic endurance

A

6-min walk test
2-min walk test
2-min step test

29
Q

Perceived functional ability and fear of falling assessment tools

A

Falls efficacy scale
Activity specific balance scale
Fear of falling avoidance behavior questionnaire

30
Q

Identify and name the psychological factors contributing to gait alterations

A

Depression
Self efficacy
Appearance
Perception of mobility
Anxiety and fear
Perceived risks
Fear of harm from others
Worries about access/barriers

31
Q

What is dual-tasking and how could a PT incorporate these principles into their treatment
plan?

A

Assess using the TUG cognitive or TUG manual

32
Q

What are normal age related changes to gait?

A

Decreased walking speed with ability to increase speed voluntarily
Smaller steps/stride length but symmetrical
Step width avg. 1-4 inches
Smaller toe clearance

33
Q

What performance measures and markers indicate the functional category of aging?

A

Gait speed = .9-1.4
6 min walk = 300-500
30 sec sit to stand = 8-14
10 stairs = 9-30 sec
Floor to stand = 11-30 sec no assistance

34
Q

What are the six determinants of gait?

A

Pelvis rot.
Pelvic tilt
Knee flexion in stance phase
Foot mechanism
Knee mechanism
Lateral displacement of the pelvis

35
Q

What are the contextual factors that impact patient outcomes after primary TJA for OA?

A

Behavioral/ psychosocial
Support and attitudes
Biological/ intrinsic
Provider and systems factors

36
Q

Compare and contrast the effectiveness of Pre-op PT and Pre-op educational classes.

A

Pre op PT - training with walking devices, managaing expectations, planning for recovory (debatable)

Pre op edu = good evidence, more benefit

37
Q

When should physical therapy start for those s/p TJA and what are the benefits?

A

Immediately

38
Q

Describe the differences between an anatomic TSA and a reverse TSA.

A

Anotomic - must have intact rotator cuff
Reverse - no rotator cuff but need deltoid

39
Q

What are typical impairments or activity limitations that a physical therapist can address
right after a TSA?

A

Bed mobility
Single Arm ADLs
Core strengthening
Functional reach

40
Q

What are the key components of the history when interviewing a patient after a total hip
arthroplasty?

A
41
Q

What early post-operative complications are important to be aware of and screen for
within the history and tests/measures?

A
42
Q

Describe the most common hip precautions based on the surgical approach (Anterior or
Posterior)

A
43
Q

Consider how a physical therapist may construct a post-operative treatment plan keeping
weightbearing status and hip precautions in mind.

A
44
Q

Describe the strong to moderate recommendations for those undergoing TKA. How are
these the same and how are they different from what you learned in the asynchronous
lecture?

A
45
Q

What are the best practice recommendations for outcome measures to use with those who
have undergone a TKA?

A
46
Q

What physical agents are recommended for use after TKA and why?

A
47
Q

What are the impacts of a hip fracture on mortality?

A
48
Q

Describe the types of hip fractures and the associated repairs typically completed.

A
49
Q

What type of hip surgical procedures typically have hip precautions?

A
50
Q

Which outcome measures have the strongest recommendation based on evidence for use
with patients s/p hip fracture?

A
51
Q

What types of exercise are highly recommended for patients s/p hip fracture?

A
52
Q

Which interventions have strong to moderate support for people s/p hip fracture in the
inpatient setting?

A

Aging Adult (1 decks)

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