Exam 1 Vocabulary Flashcards
Foot
a metrical unit that consists of two or more syllables, can combine to form a lexical word (e.g., macaroni consists of two trochaic feet)
Trochaic foot
strong syllable followed by a weak syllable (e.g., baker)
Iambic foot
weak syllable followed by a strong syllable (e.g., guitar)
Implicational hierarchy
the presence of one feature necessarily implies the presence of another
Child phonology - if a child can produce a fricative, then it is very likely that he or she can produce a stop, stops being easier to produce and generally earlier acquired
Prosodic word
unit of language that consists of at least one foot and may or may not coincide with lexical words
E.g., doesn’t, prosodic word that merges two lexical words
Root node
a bundle of phonetic features that characterize a single speech sound
manner features are considered to be ‘attached’ to the root
Segment
a consonant or vowel
Syllable structure
the elements of syllables include onsets and rimes, which, in turn, consist of a nucleus (usually a vowel) and sometimes a consonantal ending (coda)
English - syllables are composed to an optional onset (0-3 consonants), a vowel nucleus, and an optional ending (0-4 consonants)
Acceptability
how well speech conforms to expectations for age and sex and the potential to experience social, education, or vocational problems because of speech
Acoustic cues
spectral-temporal characteristics of the speech signal that lead to the recognition of articulatory features of sounds, word, and utterance boundaries, utterance type, speaker identity, etc.
Aperiodic sound
a sound without regularity in the waveform, heard as “noise”
Articulation
the process by which actions of the vocal tract structures create the distinctive acoustic energy patterns for the sequences of consonants and vowels in the speech signal
Articulation testing
a clinical procedure to determine which speech sounds are produced correctly and incorrectly and what type of error has been made when a sound is judged to be incorrect
Articulators
anatomical structures (e.g., lips, tongue) utilized to generate speech sounds
Co-articulation
adjustments of two or more articulators are made simultaneously for two or more speech sounds (reflect the properties of at least two phonemes)
Complex sound
A sound that has several component frequencies
Covert Contrast
a subtle or incomplete contrast between phoneme targets produced by a child that indicates the child has not fully neutralized the phonemic contrast
Diadochokinetic tasks
a task in which rapid repetitive or alternating movements are used to examine the accuracy, range, speech, and coordination of the articulators
Diphthong
a vowel whose quality changes within the course of a single syllable (e.g., [au] [ei])
Formant
a resonance of the vocal tract
Formant transition
a change in the frequency of a formant associated with a change in vocal tract configuration such as the transition between a stop consonant and vowel
Fundamental frequency
the lowest frequency or first harmonic of the voice; the number of vocal fold vibratory cycles per second
Harmonics
whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency
Independent analyses
Analyses that do not involve a comparison of the child’s speech to the target (standard) pronunciation.
E.g., inventories of consonants, vowels, syllable/word shapes
Intelligibility
how well a child’s speech can be understood by listeners
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
a set of alphabetic characters that was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized way to represent the sounds (phonemes) of any spoken language
Maximum performance task
a speech-like task used to evaluate the integrity of the speech motor system
e.g., diadochokinetic rate, maximum phoneme duration
Maximum phonation duration task
a task requiring prolonged production of a voiced continuant sound in one breath
Monophthong
a vowel whose quality does not change throughout the syllable
obstruents
consonants that involve a complete or narrow constriction of airflow in the oral cavity
e.g., plosives, fricatives, affricates
peak-clipping
a type of waveform distortion that occurs during audio recording when the amplitude of the sound signal to be recorded is too high for the dynamic range of the recording equipment
the “peaks” of the waveforms that are too high in amplitude for the recording equipment are cut-off and therefore the sound in the recording does not represent the amplitude characteristics of the speech signal produced by the talker
periodic sound
a sound where there is a regular pattern of component frequencies
phonemic memory
storage and retrieval of information about the speech sounds and their serial order in words
phonological processes
patterns of errors in children’s speech that affect syllable structures or sound classes
consistent simplification patterns of target sounds often used by children
phonology
the sound system of a language
phonotactics
the permissible combinations and sequences of sounds in a given language
prespeech vocalizations
vocalizations produced by infants prior to the onset of words (e.g., squeals, grunts, quasivowels, grunts)
relational analyses
analyses that involve a comparison of the child’s speech to the target pronunciation
E.g., PCC, or PVC
segmental
discrete units of speech (i.e., consonants and vowels)
sonorants
sounds that have voice as the sole sound source
E.g., vowels, glides, liquids, nasals
Source-filter theory
two-part process describing speech production
Part 1: creation of the sound source (voice and/or noise) for speech
Part 2: involves the shaping of the sound source through configuration of the vocal tract by the articulators
Spectrogram
a graphic representation of the frequency, amplitude, and intensity of a selected portion of a waveform over time
spectrum
a plot that displays the intensity characteristics (Y axis) by the frequency characteristics (x axis) of a selected portion of a waveform
speech acoustics
a branch of physics that studies the physical properties of speech in terms of the frequency, intensity (amplitude), and duration of sound
suprasegmental
characteristics of speech that extend beyond individual segmental (or speech sound) components
e.g., lexical and phrasal stress and utterance intonation
syllable shapes
the structure of consonants and vowels that make up syllables
e.g., CV, VC, CCV, CVC
vocal tract
the glottis and anatomical structures of the airway used in the production of speech
voice onset time
a measure of the time between the release of an articulatory closure and the onset of voicing for the following sound
waveform
a graphic representation of the speech signal showing amplitude over time
word shapes
the structure of consonants, vowels, and syllables that make up words
e.g., CCVC (i.e., bread), CVC.CVC (two syllable word, i.e., football)
canonical babble
consonant-vowel (CV or VC) syllables that resemble speech syllables in that they are characterized by rapid formant transitions and full vowels
click
popping sound created as negative air pressure is equalized
closant
sound produced with closure along the articulatory tract, resulting in a sound that resembles a consonant
cry
reflexive expression of distress with a characteristic respiratory pattern; more intense and loud than fuss or whimper
egressive
direction of airflow from the lungs outward, during exhalation
full vowel
a vowel with a perceptual quality of a postured articulatory configuration, with deliberate positioning of the mouth and tongue in a speech-like way, yielding a vowel quality distinct from that corresponding to an at rest position of the tract
fuss
reflexive expression of distress, but less intense and low than crying
glottal stop sequence
phonation interrupted by at least one glottal stop, producing the perception of distinct syllables
goo
sounds formed by primitive tongue closure somewhere in the back of the oral cavity, usually occurring phonation and often accompanied by either quasivowels or full vowels
the timing of the primitive articulation in gooing does not resemble that of canonical babbling
gooing can be considered a special case of particularly primitive marginal babbling
gibberish
babbled productions that resemble conversational speech in terms of intonational and durational aspects but do not include meaningful words
this type of utterance is often also referred to as jargon
growl
vocalization with either low fundamental frequency or with fundamental frequency in the speaker’s habitual range accompanied by substantial vocal harshness
ingressive
direction of airflow inward into the lungs, during inhalation
laugh
a reflexive expression of positivity, which, like cry, has a characteristic respiratory pattern but with distinct contours
marginal babble
resembles canonical babble except that it does not include rapid formant transitions from consonant-like element to full vowel
can also consist of supraglottal consonant-like element paired with a quasivowel
protophone
any of the pre-speech vocalizations (not including vegetative sounds or fixed signals such as laugh or cry)
quasivowel
vowel sound produced with normal phonation and a neutral (unpostured) vocal tract configuration
typically quiet and short, but are not always so
they differ from full vowels in that full vowels are produced with deliberate posturing of the articulatory tract
raspberry
trills or vibrants formed most often with the lips or the tongue and lips, and occasionally by the tongue body against the toothless alveolar ridge
reduplicated babble
type of canonical babbling where syllables are perceived to be repeated (e.g., babababababa….), although they are not required to be phonetically identical
squeal
vocalization produced at a high pitch level, above the habitual range of the vocalizer
variegated babble
type of canonical babbling where successive syllables are perceived to differ substantially from each other, e.g., [mama] or [mami]
vocant
vowel-like sound produced by infants (the term encompasses quasivowels and full vowels)
contrast with closants (which are produced with narrowing of the articulatory tract and resemble consonants)
vegetative sounds
unintentional sounds resulting from non-speech behaviors, e.g., sneezes, coughs, hiccups, and grunts
whisper
speech or pre-speech utterance that is produced without full voicing
yell
vocalizations produced at high amplitude, above the habitual amplitude range of the vocalizer
canonical syllables
syllables that contain a minimum of one consonant and a vowel and are produced with adult-like timing; often represented with “CV” notation
feedback loop
auditory and articulatory input that a child receives when vocalizing
as a baby vocalizes, he is able to both hear and feel the result of the movement, allowing him to association a specific movement pattern with a specific acoustic signal
first words period
early stage of language development spanning the period from the child’s acquisition of the first word through an expressive vocabulary of approximately 50 words
harmony
phonological process resulting in all consonants or vowels in a word being produced with similar articulatory features
homophones
an adjective referring to words that have different meanings but are produced with the same phonetic form
they may or may not be spelled the same (e.g., wait, weight)
protoword
a relatively stable sound pattern used by a child in a consistent meaningful context that does not have an identifiable adult target form; often used by children during the transition from babble to meaningful speech
inter-word variability
variable production of a specific sound when it occurs in different words (e.g., /s/ produced as [s] in the house house but as [t] in the word sun)
intra-word variability
variable production of a single word
lexical selection
a child’s preference for words based on their phonological properties
phonetic inventory
list of all consonants, vowels, and syllable shapes produced by an individual child
phonological representation
information stored in an individual’s mental lexicon regarding the sound structure of a word
reduplication
phonological process involving the exact or partial repetition of a syllable
sibilant consonants
speech sounds that have a hissing-quality
template
whole word articulatory pattern that a child may use for the production of multiple words
vocal motor schemes
sound production patterns observed frequently in the babble of an individual child that often carry over into meaningful speech
word
a true word has a stable semantic referent together with a (relatively) stable phonetic form that in some way resembles the phonetic characteristics of the adult target word
