Exam 1 (Units 1, 3, 4, 5) Flashcards
1
Q
What is anatomy
A
describes the structures of the body (what they’re made of, where they’re located, how they are connected)
2
Q
What is physiology
A
the study of functions of anatomical structures (individual and cooperative)
3
Q
How are anatomy and physiology closely related
A
function always reflects structure, structure dictates function
4
Q
Difference between gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy
A
gross anatomy examines large, visible structures while microscopic examines cells and molecules (cytology and histology)
5
Q
Identify several specialties of physiology
A
cell physiology –> functions of cells
organ physiology –> functions of organs
systemic physiology –> functions of organ systems
pathological physiology –> effects of diseases on organs or systems
6
Q
List and briefly describe the 6 levels of organization (simple to complex)
A
atoms/molecules (make up everything) –> organelles (organs of cells) –> cells (basic component of life) –> tissues (specialized groups of cells) –> organs (tissues that work together) –> organ systems (organs work together) –> body
7
Q
How many organ systems are there
A
11
8
Q
Integumentary system (major organs and functions)
A
skin, hair, sweat glands, nails
protects against environmental hazards, provides sensory information
9
Q
Skeletal (major organs and functions)
A
bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow
provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells
10
Q
Muscular (major organs and functions)
A
skeletal muscles and associated tendons
provides movement, provides protection and support for other tissues, generates heat that maintain body temp.
11
Q
Nervous (major organs and functions)
A
brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs
directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems, provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions
12
Q
Endocrine (major organs and functions)
A
pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, endocrine tissues in other systems
directs long-term changes in the other activities of other organ systems, adjust metabolic activity and energy use by the body, controls many structural and functional changes in development
13
Q
Cardiovascular (major organs and functions)
A
heart, blood, blood vessels
distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, O2 and CO2, distributes heat and assists in control of body temp.
14
Q
Lymphatic (major organs and functions)
A
spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils
defends against infection and disease, returns tissue to the bloodstream
15
Q
Respiratory (major organs and functions)
A
nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
delivers air to alveoli for gas exchange, provides oxygen to bloodstream, removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream, produces sounds for communication
16
Q
Digestive (major organs and functions)
A
teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients, stores energy reserves
17
Q
Urinary (major organs and functions)
A
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, regulates blood ion concentrations and pH
18
Q
Reproductive male and female (major organs and functions)
A
male:
testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum
produces male sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids, and hormones, sexual intercourse
female:
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands
produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones, supports developing embryo from conception to delivery, provides milk to nourish newborn infant, sexual intercourse
19
Q
Purpose of anatomical terms
A
having a universal name for each part of the body prevents misunderstanding amongst scientists, doctors, etc.
20
Q
Describe the anatomical position
A
upright stance, feet parallel and flat on floor, upper limbs at sides, palms face out, head is level, eyes look forward
21
Q
Supine / Prone
A
lying down, face up
lying down, face down
22
Q
Anterior / Posterior
A
front surface
back surface
23
Q
Superior / Inferior
A
above
below
24
Q
Medial / Lateral
A
toward midline
away from midline
25
Proximal / Distal
toward the point of attachment of a limb
away from the point of attachment of a limb
26
Superficial / Deep
close to body surface
deeper inside body
27
Cranial / Caudal
towards the head
towards the tail (tailbone)
28
Axial region
area of body including the head, neck, trunk, chest
29
Appendicular region
area of body attached to the axial region, including appendages and limbs
30
Sagittal plane
plane that cuts body into sagittal sections (left and right)
31
Midsagittal section
plane passes through the midline, splits body into equal parts
32
Parasagittal section
plane misses midline, splits body into unequal parts
33
Frontal (coronal) plane
plane is parallel to long axis, cuts body into anterior and posterior portions
34
Transverse plane
plane cuts the body into superior and inferior portions
35
Cephalic
head
36
Cranial
skull
37
Facial
face
38
Frontal
forehead
39
Nasal
nose
40
Ocular/orbital
eye
41
Otic
ear
42
Buccal
cheek
43
Cervical
neck
44
Oral
mouth
45
Mental
chin
46
Axillary
armpit
47
Brachial
arm
48
Antecubital
front of elbow
49
Thoracic
chest
50
Mammary
breast
51
Abdominal
abdomen
52
Umbilical
navel/belly button
53
Pelvic
pelvis
54
Trunk
thoracic, mammary, abdominal, and umbilical, pelvic regions
55
Antebrachial
forearm
56
Carpal
wrist
57
Palmar
palm
58
Pollex
thumb
59
Digits
fingers/toes
60
Manual
hand
61
Inguinal
groin
62
Pubic
pubis
63
Femoral
thigh
64
Patellar
kneecap
65
Crural
leg
66
Tarsal
ankle
67
Pedal
foot
68
Hallux
big toe
69
Acromial
shoulder
70
Dorsal
back
71
Olecranal
back of elbow
72
Lumbar
loin
73
Gluteal
buttock
74
Popliteal
back of knee
75
Sural
calf
76
Calcaneal
heel of foot
77
Plantar
sole of foot
78
Region and quadrant of liver
RUQ
epigastric (mostly), right hypochondriac
79
Region and quadrant of gallbladder
RUQ
umbilical
80
Region and quadrant of large intestine
RUQ and LUQ
umbilical (mostly), both lumbar, both inguinal
81
Region and quadrant of small intestine
all four quadrants, more-so lower ones
hypogastric (mostly), umbilical
82
Region and quadrant of appendix
RLQ
hypogastric
83
Region and quadrant of stomach
LUQ (mostly), RUQ
epigastric (mostly), umbilical
84
Region and quadrant of spleen
LUQ
left hypochondriac
85
Region and quadrant of urinary bladder
RLQ and LLQ
hypogastric
86
Oblique cut
cuts the body at an odd angle into odd planes, neither parallel or perpendicular
87
Ventral body cavity (coelom)
divided by diaphragm
contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
88
Cranial cavity
contains the brain
89
Thoracic cavity
contains the pleural and pericardial cavities
90
Pleural cavities
contain the right and left lungs
91
Pericardial cavity
contains the heart
92
Abdominal cavity
contains the liver, stomach, parts of intestines, etc.
93
Pelvic cavity
contains part of the intestines, urinary bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
94
Abominopelvic cavity
contains the peritoneal, abdominal, and pelvic cavities
95
Peritoneal cavity
the chamber within the abdominopelvic cavity
96
Parietal membrane (serosa or peritoneum)
lines body cavities
97
Visceral membrane (serosa or peritoneum)
lines organs
98
Homeostasis
all body systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment
99
Why is homeostasis important to an organism
it keeps variables in the body within normal ranges (pH, temp. fluid balance)
100
Autoregulation
automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to environmental change
101
Extrinsic regulation
responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems
102
Receptor
receives stimulus, detects change in a variable
103
Control center
processes signal and sends instructions
104
Effector
carries out instructions
105
Explain the function of the negative feedback system
the response of the effector negates the stimulus, body is brought back to homeostasis and normal range is maintained
106
What happens to the body when homeostasis breaks down
results in disease
107
Explain how positive feedback works
initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies the original change in conditions, body is moved away from homeostasis and normal range is not maintained
positive feedback loops complete dangerous processes quickly to reestablish homeostasis (i.e. blood clotting)
108
Cell metabolism
all the reactions occurring in a cell at one time, cell provides energy to maintain homeostasis and perform essential functions
109
Plasma membrane
flexible outer boundary
provides physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, sensitivity to the environment, and structural support
110
Cytoplasm
all materials inside the cell outside the nucleus
111
Cytosol
the aqueous component of the cytoplasm
112
Organelle
structures with specific functions in cells
113
Cytoskeleton
structural proteins for shape and strength
made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
114
Nucleus
contains DNA needed to build everything in the cell
115
Phospholipid bilayer
part of the plasma membrane made of phospholipids, with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
116
Integral protein
within the membrane
117
Peripheral protein
bound to inner or outer surface of the membrane
118
Recognition protein
label cells as normal or abnormal
119
Enzymes
catalyze cellular reactions
120
Anchoring protein
attach to inside or outside structures
121
Carrier protein
transport specific solutes through membrane
122
Channel proteins
regulate water flow and solutes passing through membrane
gated channels open or close to regulate passage of substances
123
Receptor protein
bind and respond to ligands
124
Ligand
ions or hormones that signal receptor proteins to allow substances through
125
Selectively permeable
some materials can move freely while others are restricted based on their size, electrical charge, molecular shape, and lipid solubility
126
Concentration gradient
difference between high and low concentrations of a substance
127
Simple diffusion
diffusion across the membrane
lipid-soluble compounds, dissolved gases, and water molecules do this
128
Facilitated diffusion
passive form of diffusion
carrier proteins transport molecules too large to fit through channel proteins (glucose and amino acids), molecule binds to receptor site and protein chains shape to let molecules pass through
129
Osmosis
diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
130
Tonicity
how a solution affects cells
131
Isotonic
does not cause osmotic flow, no concentration gradient
132
Hypotonic
lower solute concentration outside the cell, water moves into cell and causes it to swell (may burst)
133
Hypertonic
higher solute concentration outside the cell, water moves out of cell and causes it to shrink/shrivel
134
Carrier-mediated transport
proteins transport ions or organic substances across plasma membrane
135
Symport
two substances move in the same direction at the same time
136
Antiport
one substance moves in while another moves out
137
Primary active transport
pumping solutes against a concentration gradient using ATP
138
Secondary active transport
ATP required to establish a concentration gradient of one substance in order to passively transport another
139
Sodium/potassium pump
ATP is used to move 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in (primary)
Na+ gradient drives glucose transport into cells and ATP is used to pump Na+ back out (secondary)
140
Phagocytosis
vesicles bring particles into the cell, which can include bacteria, viruses, debris, and other foreign material
"cell eating"
141
Pinocytosis
vesicles bring fluids and small molecules into the cell
"cell drinking"
142
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
ligands bind to receptor proteins to cause vesicle formation to bring large molecules into the cell such as cholesterol and iron ions
143
Exocytosis
vesicles release fluids and/or solids out of the cell
144
Transcytosis
vesicle transport of macromolecules from one side of the cell to the other
145
Mitochondria
source of energy production for the cell, produces ATP
has inner membrane folded tightly to increase surface area
146
Peroxisomes
vesicles containing degradative enzymes to breakdown fats and organic substances, as well as toxic compounds
147
Ribosomes
synthesizes proteins
148
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
synthesize proteins and glycoproteins
has ribosomes attached
149
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
synthesizes lipids and carbs
no ribosomes attached
150
Golgi apparatus
modifies and packages secretions for vesicles to carry out
151
Lysosomes
enzyme containing vesicles that destroy bacteria, break down molecules, and recycle damaged organelles
152
Microfilaments
contain actin
provide mechanical strength, interacts with other proteins to adjust consistency of cytosol
153
Intermediate filaments
durable, strengthen and maintain cell shape, stabilize cell and organelle position
154
Microtubules
contain tubulin proteins
attach to centrosome, strengthen cells and anchor organelles, change cell shape, move organelles with motor protein help, form cilia
155
Centriole
involved in development of spindle fibers in cell division
156
Centrosome
involved in cell division, move to opposite sides of the cell during it
157
Microvilli
increase surface area for absorption, attach to cytoskeleton
158
Cilia
move fluids across cell surface, senses environmental stimuli, can sometimes be motile
159
Flagella
whipe-like extension of cell membrane that allows cells to move
160
Nuclear envelope
double membrane around nucleus
161
Chromatin
loose, spaghetti looking form of DNA
162
Chromosome
tightly coiled DNA
163
Nucleolus
synthesizes ribosomes
164
Functions of epithelial tissue
provide physical protection
control permeability
provide sensation
produce specialized secretions (glandular epithelium)
165
Characteristics of epithelia
polarity (apical and basal surfaces)
cellularity (cell junctions)
attachment (basement membrane)
avascularity (no blood vessels)
regeneration
166
Description/location of simple squamous epithelium
used for absorption and diffusion
mesothelium --> lines body cavities
endothelium --> forms inner lining of heart and blood vessels
found in pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities, lines heart and blood vessels and parts of kidney tubules
single layer of squished looking cells
167
Description/location of simple cuboidal epithelium
used for secretion and absorption
found in glands, ducts, portions of kidney tubules, and thyroid glands
single layer of cube-like cells
168
Description/location of simple columnar epithelium
used for absorption and secretion
found in stomach, small intestine, large intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes
single layer of column looking cells
169
Description/location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
typically have cilia, used for protection, secretion, and moving mucus
found in lining of nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, portions of male reproductive tract
multiple layers of column looking cells with cilia on top
170
Description/location of stratified squamous epithelium
protect against mechanical stresses
keratin adds strength and water resistance
found in skin surface, lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, vagina
multiple layers of squished looking cells
171
Description/location of stratified cuboidal epithelium
used for protection, secretion, absorption
relatively rare, only found in the lining of some ducts in sweat glands
multiple layers of cube-like cells
172
Description/location of stratified columnar epithelium
used for protection
relatively rare, found in small areas of pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary glands, salivary gland ducts, and urethra
multiple layers of column looking cells, no cilia
173
Description/location of transitional epithelium
permits repeated cycles of stretching without damage
found in urinary bladder, renal pelvis, and ureters
multiple layers of cube-like cells that get super squished, also change shape
174
Components of connective tissues
specialized cells
extracellular protein fibers
fluid called ground substance
175
Functions of connective tissues
establishing a structural framework for body
transporting fluids and dissolved materials
protecting delicate organs
supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other types of tissue
storing energy reserves, especially triglycerides
defending body from invading microorganisms
176
Description/location of loose connective tissue
more ground substance, fewer fibers
example: fat (adipose tissue)
fill spaces between organs, cushion cells, and support epithelia
177
Types of connective tissue proper
loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, reticular) and dense connective tissue (regular, irregular, elastic)
178
Description/location of areolar tissue
least specialized, open framework, viscous ground substance, elastic fibers, holds capillary beds
found in dermis of skin, between muscles, around joints, bloods vessels, nerves, covered by epithelia in digestive and respiratory and urinary tracts
179
Elastic fibers
contain elastin
branched and wavy
return to original length after stretching
180
Fibroblasts
cells that secrete collagen proteins
181
Collagen fibers
most common fibers in connective tissue proper
long, straight, and unbranched
strong and flexible
resist force in one direction
182
Description/location of reticular tissue
made of reticular fibers, form a complex 3D stroma
provides support/supports functional cells of organs
found in liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
183
Description/location of adipose tissue
contains adipocytes (fat cells) --> do not divide in adults, expand to store fat and shrink when fats are released
mesenchymal cells make more fat cells
provides padding and cushions to shocks, stores energy
found deep to the skin, buttocks and breasts, padding around eyes and kidneys
184
Description/location of dense regular connective tissue
tightly packed parallel collagen fibers
tendons --> attach muscles to bones
ligaments --> connect one bone to another and stabilize organs
aponeuroses --> tendinous sheets that attach a broad, flat muscle to another structure
185
Description/location of dense irregular connective tissue
interwoven network of collagen fibers
provides strength to dermis, forms sheath around cartilages (perichondrium) and bones (periosteum), forms capsule around some organs (liver, kidneys, spleen)
186
Description/location of elastic tissue
contain elastic fibers and fibroblasts
stabilizes positions of vertebrae and penis, cushions shocks, permits expansion and contraction of organs
found between vertebrae, ligaments supporting penis, ligaments supporting transitional epithelia, in blood vessel walls
187
Types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
188
Description/location of hyaline cartilage
most common type
tough and somewhat flexible, reduces friction between bones
found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea
chondrocytes in lacunae, smooth looking matrix
189
Description/location of elastic cartilage
supportive but bends easily, returns structure to original shape
found in external ear and epiglottis
chondrocytes in lacunae, elastic fiber matrix
190
Description/location of fibrocartilage
very durable and tough, limits movement, prevents bone-to-bone contact
found around joints, between pubic bones, between spinal vertebrae
chondrocytes in lacunae, fibrous matrix
191
Description/location of bone (osseous) tissue
used for weight and support, resists shattering (collagen fibers)
calcified (rigid by calcium salts)
has osteocytes (bone cells) within lacunae
192
Canaliculi
small channels in matrix of bone tissue that allow for exchange of materials with blood
193
Periosteum
covers bone, has a fibrous outer layer and cellular inner layer
194
Description/location of blood
has a watery matrix called plasma
contains cells and cell fragments (rbc, wbc, platelets)
195
Description/location of lymph
forms as interstitial fluid that enters lymphatic vessels
monitored by immune system
returned to veins near the heart
196
Description/location of nervous tissue
specialized for conducting electrical impulses
concentrated in brain and spinal cord
made of neurons and neuroglial cells
197
Types of muscle tissue
smooth, cardiac, skeletal
198
Description/location of smooth muscle tissue
cells are small and spindle shaped, can divide and regenerate
nonstriated involuntary muscle
used to move food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions, controls diameter of respiratory passageways, regulates diameter of blood vessels
found in walls of blood vessels, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs
199
Description/location of cardiac muscle tissue
cells form branching networks connected at intercalated discs
regulated by pace maker cells
striated involuntary muscle
found in the heart
used to circulate blood, maintain blood pressure
200
Description/location of of skeletal muscle tissue
consists of long, thin muscle fibers
cells do not divide
new fibers are produced by divisions of myosatellite cells
striated voluntary muscle
combined with connective tissues and neural tissue in skeletal muscles
used to move or stabilize position of skeleton, protects internal organs, generates heat, guards exits and entrances of organ systems
201
Extracellular matrix
extracellular components of connective tissue (fibers and ground substance)
majority of tissue volume, determines specialized function
202
Ground substance
clear, colorless, viscous substance
fills spaces between cells and slows pathogen movement
203
Reticular fibers
form a strong network of interwoven fibers (stroma)
strong and flexible
resist forces in many directions
stabilize functional cells (parenchyma) and structures
204
Tight junction
between two plasma membranes
adhesion belt attaches to terminal web
prevent passage of water and solutes
keeps enzymes, acids, and wastes from lumen of the digestive tract
205
Gap junction
allow rapid communication
cells held together by interlocking transmembrane proteins
allow small molecules and ions to pass
coordinate contractions in heart muscle
206
Desmosomes
CAMs and proteoglycans link opposing plasma membranes
spot desmosomes --> tie cells together, allow bending and twisting
hemidesmosomes --> attach cells to the basement membrane
207
Basement membrane
supporting structure and scaffolding of epithelial tissue, separating it from other tissue types
also known as basal lamina
208
Unicellular gland
goblet cells that secrete mucin to mix with water and make mucus in epithelia of intestines
209
Phagocyte
type of cell that engulfs and kills bacteria and other cell particles
210
Mast cell
immune system cells
211
Adipocyte
cells that contain fat
212
Endomysium
wispy layer of areolar connective tissue that covers each muscle fiber
213
Neuron
cells that send and receive electrical signals
214
Nerve impulse
a signal passed through neurons
215
Cell body
the part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and nucleolus
216
Axon
long and thin extension of body, carries outgoing signals to destination
217
Dendrite
short branches extending from body, receive incoming signals
218
Neuroglial cell
cells that maintain and support neurons
219
Organs of integumentary system
cutaneous membrane (skin) --> epidermis and dermis
accessory structures --> hair and hair follicles, exocrine glands, nails
220
Layers of the skin (from superficial to deep)
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (subcutaneous)
221
Epidermis
stratified squamous epithelium
avascular
nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in dermis
contain keratinocytes which produce keratin, keeping epidermis water resistance and strong
222
Dermis
located between epidermis and hypodermis
anchors epidermal accessory structures (hair follicles, sweat glands)
223
Hypodermis (subcutaneous)
lies deep to dermis
connected to reticular layer by connective tissue
stabilizes position of skin
primarily adipose tissue
large arteries and veins superficially
224
Layers of epidermis (superficial to deep)
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
225
Stratum corneum
exposed surface of skin, 15-30 layers of keratinized cells
multiple layers of flattened, dead, interlocking keratinocytes
water resistant but not waterproof
exposed cells shed after two weeks
226
Stratum lucidum
appears as a glassy layer in thick skin only, covers granulosum
227
Stratum granulosum
3-5 layers of keratinocytes
produced from cells of spinosum
most cells stop dividing and produce keratin, cells die after production
228
Stratum spinosum
8-10 layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes
cells appear spiny
contains dendritic cells
some cells from basale might still continue dividing
229
Stratum basale
attached to basement membrane
forms strong bond between epidermis and dermis
contains epidermal ridges
has basal cells that replace keratinocytes
have tactile (merkel cells)
230
Layers of the dermis
outer papillary layer
deeper reticular layer
231
Papillary layer
contains areolar tissue
contains capillaries, lymphatic vessels, sensory neurons
named for dermal papillae that project between epidermal ridges
232
Dermal papillae
ridges poking up, at connection of epidermis and dermis
includes capillaries to supply epidermis with gases and nutrients
233
Reticular layer
consists of dense irregular tissue
contains collagen and elastic fibers --> provide water resilience and flexibility called skin turgor
contains all cells of connective tissue proper
234
Description and location of arrector pilli muscle
muscle that causes hair to stand up straight (goose bumps)
located in the dermis connected to the hair follicle
235
Description and location of sweat glands
glands that produce sweat
located in the dermis (reticular)
236
Description and location of sweat pore
where sweat is released
opening is on stratum corneum of epidermis
237
Description and location of tactile (Meissner's) corpuscle
sense light touch
located in the dermal papillae
238
Description and location of lamellar (Pacinian's) corpuscle
sense deep pressure and vibration
located in the reticular layer
239
Hair shaft
part of hair that is outside of the skin
240
Functions of the integument
protection of underlying tissues and organs
excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes
maintenance of normal body temp.
production of melanin and keratin
synthesis of vitamin D3
storage of lipids
detection of touch, pressure, and pain
coordination of the immune response
241
Description and location of thick skin
has all 5 layers of keratinocytes
covers palms of the hands and soles of feet
242
Description and location of thin skin
has 4 layers of keratinocytes (minus lucidum)
covers most of the body
243
Epidermal ridges
ridges poking down, at connection of epidermis and dermis
244
Factors influencing skin color
two pigments --> melanin and carotene
dermal blood circulation
thickness of stratum corneum
245
Wrinkles
collagen fibers and elastic fibers lose elasticity
can be caused by age, change in hormone levels, and UV radiation
246
Stretch marks
excessive distortion of skin from pregnancy or weight gain
skin damage caused by loss of skin turgor due to dehydration, aging, hormones, or UV radiation
247
Lines of cleavage (tension lines)
produced by parallel bundles of collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis
resists forces applied to skin
a cut made parallel to tension line remains shut and heals well
248
Two major categories of glands
exocrine and eccrine glands
249
Description and location of sebaceous glands
glands that produce sebum and lube the hair shaft and skin, inhibits growth of bacteria
located in the dermis connected to the hair follicle
simple branched alveolar glands attached to hair shaft
sebaceous follicles usually not associated with hair and discharge sebum directly onto skin surface (cause acne)
250
Description and location of apocrine sweat glands
found in armpits, around nipples, and pubic region
secrete products into hair follicles via merocrine secretion
produce sticky, cloudy secretions --> nutrient source for bacteria which causes odors
surrounded by myoepithelial cells
251
Description and location of (eccrine) merocrine glands
coiled, tubular glands that discharge directly onto skin surface
widely distributed on body surface (especially palms and soles)
secretions are 99% water + salt
used for cooling skin surface to reduce body temp., excrete water and electrolytes, provide protection against environmental hazards
252
Description and location of mammary glands
found in breasts
produce milk
253
Description and location of ceruminous glands
found in ears
produce cerumen (earwax)
prevents foreign particles from reaching the eardrum
254
Keratinocyte
a cell that produces keratin
255
Dendritic cell
cells active in immune response in the stratum spinosum
256
Merkel cell
have sensory nerv endings
respond to touch
found in hairless skin
257
Melanocyte
cells that contain the pigment melanin
258
Melanin
red-yellow or brown-black pigment
produced by melanocytes
stored in intracellular vesicles (melanosomes) which are transferred to keratinocytes
protects the skin from UV radiation
259
Carotene
orange-yellow pigment
found in orange vegetables
accumulates in all layers of skin
can be converted to vitamin A which is needed for epithelial maintenance and synthesis of photoreceptor pigments in eye
260
Hemoglobin
bright red when bound to oxygen
blood vessel dilation from heat causes skin to redden
blood vessel constriction from cold causes skin to become pale
261
Erythmea
reddening of skin due to vasodilation
262
Cyanosis
bluish skin due to vasoconstriction
263
Cutaneous plexus
deep network of arteries along the reticular layer
264
Subpapillary plexus
network of arteries along the reticular layer
capillaries drain into small veins that lead to larger veins in subcutaneous layer
