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BIO 220 > Exam 1 (Units 1, 3, 4, 5) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Units 1, 3, 4, 5) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is anatomy

A

describes the structures of the body (what they’re made of, where they’re located, how they are connected)

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2
Q

What is physiology

A

the study of functions of anatomical structures (individual and cooperative)

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3
Q

How are anatomy and physiology closely related

A

function always reflects structure, structure dictates function

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4
Q

Difference between gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy

A

gross anatomy examines large, visible structures while microscopic examines cells and molecules (cytology and histology)

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5
Q

Identify several specialties of physiology

A

cell physiology –> functions of cells
organ physiology –> functions of organs
systemic physiology –> functions of organ systems
pathological physiology –> effects of diseases on organs or systems

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6
Q

List and briefly describe the 6 levels of organization (simple to complex)

A

atoms/molecules (make up everything) –> organelles (organs of cells) –> cells (basic component of life) –> tissues (specialized groups of cells) –> organs (tissues that work together) –> organ systems (organs work together) –> body

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7
Q

How many organ systems are there

A

11

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8
Q

Integumentary system (major organs and functions)

A

skin, hair, sweat glands, nails

protects against environmental hazards, provides sensory information

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9
Q

Skeletal (major organs and functions)

A

bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow

provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells

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10
Q

Muscular (major organs and functions)

A

skeletal muscles and associated tendons

provides movement, provides protection and support for other tissues, generates heat that maintain body temp.

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11
Q

Nervous (major organs and functions)

A

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs

directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems, provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions

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12
Q

Endocrine (major organs and functions)

A

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, endocrine tissues in other systems

directs long-term changes in the other activities of other organ systems, adjust metabolic activity and energy use by the body, controls many structural and functional changes in development

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13
Q

Cardiovascular (major organs and functions)

A

heart, blood, blood vessels

distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, O2 and CO2, distributes heat and assists in control of body temp.

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14
Q

Lymphatic (major organs and functions)

A

spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils

defends against infection and disease, returns tissue to the bloodstream

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15
Q

Respiratory (major organs and functions)

A

nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli

delivers air to alveoli for gas exchange, provides oxygen to bloodstream, removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream, produces sounds for communication

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16
Q

Digestive (major organs and functions)

A

teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients, stores energy reserves

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17
Q

Urinary (major organs and functions)

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, regulates blood ion concentrations and pH

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18
Q

Reproductive male and female (major organs and functions)

A

male:
testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum

produces male sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids, and hormones, sexual intercourse

female:
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands

produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones, supports developing embryo from conception to delivery, provides milk to nourish newborn infant, sexual intercourse

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19
Q

Purpose of anatomical terms

A

having a universal name for each part of the body prevents misunderstanding amongst scientists, doctors, etc.

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20
Q

Describe the anatomical position

A

upright stance, feet parallel and flat on floor, upper limbs at sides, palms face out, head is level, eyes look forward

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21
Q

Supine / Prone

A

lying down, face up
lying down, face down

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22
Q

Anterior / Posterior

A

front surface
back surface

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23
Q

Superior / Inferior

A

above
below

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24
Q

Medial / Lateral

A

toward midline
away from midline

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25
Q

Proximal / Distal

A

toward the point of attachment of a limb
away from the point of attachment of a limb

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26
Q

Superficial / Deep

A

close to body surface
deeper inside body

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27
Q

Cranial / Caudal

A

towards the head
towards the tail (tailbone)

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28
Q

Axial region

A

area of body including the head, neck, trunk, chest

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29
Q

Appendicular region

A

area of body attached to the axial region, including appendages and limbs

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30
Q

Sagittal plane

A

plane that cuts body into sagittal sections (left and right)

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31
Q

Midsagittal section

A

plane passes through the midline, splits body into equal parts

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32
Q

Parasagittal section

A

plane misses midline, splits body into unequal parts

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33
Q

Frontal (coronal) plane

A

plane is parallel to long axis, cuts body into anterior and posterior portions

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34
Q

Transverse plane

A

plane cuts the body into superior and inferior portions

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35
Q

Cephalic

A

head

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36
Q

Cranial

A

skull

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37
Q

Facial

A

face

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38
Q

Frontal

A

forehead

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39
Q

Nasal

A

nose

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40
Q

Ocular/orbital

A

eye

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41
Q

Otic

A

ear

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42
Q

Buccal

A

cheek

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43
Q

Cervical

A

neck

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44
Q

Oral

A

mouth

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45
Q

Mental

A

chin

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46
Q

Axillary

A

armpit

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47
Q

Brachial

A

arm

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48
Q

Antecubital

A

front of elbow

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49
Q

Thoracic

A

chest

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50
Q

Mammary

A

breast

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51
Q

Abdominal

A

abdomen

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52
Q

Umbilical

A

navel/belly button

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53
Q

Pelvic

A

pelvis

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54
Q

Trunk

A

thoracic, mammary, abdominal, and umbilical, pelvic regions

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55
Q

Antebrachial

A

forearm

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56
Q

Carpal

A

wrist

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57
Q

Palmar

A

palm

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58
Q

Pollex

A

thumb

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59
Q

Digits

A

fingers/toes

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60
Q

Manual

A

hand

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61
Q

Inguinal

A

groin

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62
Q

Pubic

A

pubis

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63
Q

Femoral

A

thigh

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64
Q

Patellar

A

kneecap

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65
Q

Crural

A

leg

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66
Q

Tarsal

A

ankle

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67
Q

Pedal

A

foot

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68
Q

Hallux

A

big toe

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69
Q

Acromial

A

shoulder

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70
Q

Dorsal

A

back

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71
Q

Olecranal

A

back of elbow

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72
Q

Lumbar

A

loin

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73
Q

Gluteal

A

buttock

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74
Q

Popliteal

A

back of knee

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75
Q

Sural

A

calf

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76
Q

Calcaneal

A

heel of foot

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77
Q

Plantar

A

sole of foot

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78
Q

Region and quadrant of liver

A

RUQ
epigastric (mostly), right hypochondriac

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79
Q

Region and quadrant of gallbladder

A

RUQ
umbilical

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80
Q

Region and quadrant of large intestine

A

RUQ and LUQ
umbilical (mostly), both lumbar, both inguinal

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81
Q

Region and quadrant of small intestine

A

all four quadrants, more-so lower ones
hypogastric (mostly), umbilical

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82
Q

Region and quadrant of appendix

A

RLQ
hypogastric

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83
Q

Region and quadrant of stomach

A

LUQ (mostly), RUQ
epigastric (mostly), umbilical

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84
Q

Region and quadrant of spleen

A

LUQ
left hypochondriac

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85
Q

Region and quadrant of urinary bladder

A

RLQ and LLQ
hypogastric

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86
Q

Oblique cut

A

cuts the body at an odd angle into odd planes, neither parallel or perpendicular

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87
Q

Ventral body cavity (coelom)

A

divided by diaphragm
contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

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88
Q

Cranial cavity

A

contains the brain

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89
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

contains the pleural and pericardial cavities

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90
Q

Pleural cavities

A

contain the right and left lungs

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91
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

contains the heart

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92
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

contains the liver, stomach, parts of intestines, etc.

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93
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

contains part of the intestines, urinary bladder, rectum, reproductive organs

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94
Q

Abominopelvic cavity

A

contains the peritoneal, abdominal, and pelvic cavities

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95
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

the chamber within the abdominopelvic cavity

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96
Q

Parietal membrane (serosa or peritoneum)

A

lines body cavities

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97
Q

Visceral membrane (serosa or peritoneum)

A

lines organs

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98
Q

Homeostasis

A

all body systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment

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99
Q

Why is homeostasis important to an organism

A

it keeps variables in the body within normal ranges (pH, temp. fluid balance)

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100
Q

Autoregulation

A

automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to environmental change

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101
Q

Extrinsic regulation

A

responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

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102
Q

Receptor

A

receives stimulus, detects change in a variable

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103
Q

Control center

A

processes signal and sends instructions

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104
Q

Effector

A

carries out instructions

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105
Q

Explain the function of the negative feedback system

A

the response of the effector negates the stimulus, body is brought back to homeostasis and normal range is maintained

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106
Q

What happens to the body when homeostasis breaks down

A

results in disease

107
Q

Explain how positive feedback works

A

initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies the original change in conditions, body is moved away from homeostasis and normal range is not maintained

positive feedback loops complete dangerous processes quickly to reestablish homeostasis (i.e. blood clotting)

108
Q

Cell metabolism

A

all the reactions occurring in a cell at one time, cell provides energy to maintain homeostasis and perform essential functions

109
Q

Plasma membrane

A

flexible outer boundary
provides physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, sensitivity to the environment, and structural support

110
Q

Cytoplasm

A

all materials inside the cell outside the nucleus

111
Q

Cytosol

A

the aqueous component of the cytoplasm

112
Q

Organelle

A

structures with specific functions in cells

113
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

structural proteins for shape and strength
made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

114
Q

Nucleus

A

contains DNA needed to build everything in the cell

115
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

part of the plasma membrane made of phospholipids, with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

116
Q

Integral protein

A

within the membrane

117
Q

Peripheral protein

A

bound to inner or outer surface of the membrane

118
Q

Recognition protein

A

label cells as normal or abnormal

119
Q

Enzymes

A

catalyze cellular reactions

120
Q

Anchoring protein

A

attach to inside or outside structures

121
Q

Carrier protein

A

transport specific solutes through membrane

122
Q

Channel proteins

A

regulate water flow and solutes passing through membrane
gated channels open or close to regulate passage of substances

123
Q

Receptor protein

A

bind and respond to ligands

124
Q

Ligand

A

ions or hormones that signal receptor proteins to allow substances through

125
Q

Selectively permeable

A

some materials can move freely while others are restricted based on their size, electrical charge, molecular shape, and lipid solubility

126
Q

Concentration gradient

A

difference between high and low concentrations of a substance

127
Q

Simple diffusion

A

diffusion across the membrane
lipid-soluble compounds, dissolved gases, and water molecules do this

128
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

passive form of diffusion
carrier proteins transport molecules too large to fit through channel proteins (glucose and amino acids), molecule binds to receptor site and protein chains shape to let molecules pass through

129
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

130
Q

Tonicity

A

how a solution affects cells

131
Q

Isotonic

A

does not cause osmotic flow, no concentration gradient

132
Q

Hypotonic

A

lower solute concentration outside the cell, water moves into cell and causes it to swell (may burst)

133
Q

Hypertonic

A

higher solute concentration outside the cell, water moves out of cell and causes it to shrink/shrivel

134
Q

Carrier-mediated transport

A

proteins transport ions or organic substances across plasma membrane

135
Q

Symport

A

two substances move in the same direction at the same time

136
Q

Antiport

A

one substance moves in while another moves out

137
Q

Primary active transport

A

pumping solutes against a concentration gradient using ATP

138
Q

Secondary active transport

A

ATP required to establish a concentration gradient of one substance in order to passively transport another

139
Q

Sodium/potassium pump

A

ATP is used to move 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in (primary)
Na+ gradient drives glucose transport into cells and ATP is used to pump Na+ back out (secondary)

140
Q

Phagocytosis

A

vesicles bring particles into the cell, which can include bacteria, viruses, debris, and other foreign material
“cell eating”

141
Q

Pinocytosis

A

vesicles bring fluids and small molecules into the cell
“cell drinking”

142
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

ligands bind to receptor proteins to cause vesicle formation to bring large molecules into the cell such as cholesterol and iron ions

143
Q

Exocytosis

A

vesicles release fluids and/or solids out of the cell

144
Q

Transcytosis

A

vesicle transport of macromolecules from one side of the cell to the other

145
Q

Mitochondria

A

source of energy production for the cell, produces ATP
has inner membrane folded tightly to increase surface area

146
Q

Peroxisomes

A

vesicles containing degradative enzymes to breakdown fats and organic substances, as well as toxic compounds

147
Q

Ribosomes

A

synthesizes proteins

148
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

synthesize proteins and glycoproteins
has ribosomes attached

149
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

synthesizes lipids and carbs
no ribosomes attached

150
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

modifies and packages secretions for vesicles to carry out

151
Q

Lysosomes

A

enzyme containing vesicles that destroy bacteria, break down molecules, and recycle damaged organelles

152
Q

Microfilaments

A

contain actin
provide mechanical strength, interacts with other proteins to adjust consistency of cytosol

153
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

durable, strengthen and maintain cell shape, stabilize cell and organelle position

154
Q

Microtubules

A

contain tubulin proteins
attach to centrosome, strengthen cells and anchor organelles, change cell shape, move organelles with motor protein help, form cilia

155
Q

Centriole

A

involved in development of spindle fibers in cell division

156
Q

Centrosome

A

involved in cell division, move to opposite sides of the cell during it

157
Q

Microvilli

A

increase surface area for absorption, attach to cytoskeleton

158
Q

Cilia

A

move fluids across cell surface, senses environmental stimuli, can sometimes be motile

159
Q

Flagella

A

whipe-like extension of cell membrane that allows cells to move

160
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

double membrane around nucleus

161
Q

Chromatin

A

loose, spaghetti looking form of DNA

162
Q

Chromosome

A

tightly coiled DNA

163
Q

Nucleolus

A

synthesizes ribosomes

164
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A

provide physical protection
control permeability
provide sensation
produce specialized secretions (glandular epithelium)

165
Q

Characteristics of epithelia

A

polarity (apical and basal surfaces)
cellularity (cell junctions)
attachment (basement membrane)
avascularity (no blood vessels)
regeneration

166
Q

Description/location of simple squamous epithelium

A

used for absorption and diffusion
mesothelium –> lines body cavities
endothelium –> forms inner lining of heart and blood vessels
found in pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities, lines heart and blood vessels and parts of kidney tubules
single layer of squished looking cells

167
Q

Description/location of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

used for secretion and absorption
found in glands, ducts, portions of kidney tubules, and thyroid glands
single layer of cube-like cells

168
Q

Description/location of simple columnar epithelium

A

used for absorption and secretion
found in stomach, small intestine, large intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes
single layer of column looking cells

169
Q

Description/location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

typically have cilia, used for protection, secretion, and moving mucus
found in lining of nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, portions of male reproductive tract
multiple layers of column looking cells with cilia on top

170
Q

Description/location of stratified squamous epithelium

A

protect against mechanical stresses
keratin adds strength and water resistance
found in skin surface, lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, vagina
multiple layers of squished looking cells

171
Q

Description/location of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

used for protection, secretion, absorption
relatively rare, only found in the lining of some ducts in sweat glands
multiple layers of cube-like cells

172
Q

Description/location of stratified columnar epithelium

A

used for protection
relatively rare, found in small areas of pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary glands, salivary gland ducts, and urethra
multiple layers of column looking cells, no cilia

173
Q

Description/location of transitional epithelium

A

permits repeated cycles of stretching without damage
found in urinary bladder, renal pelvis, and ureters
multiple layers of cube-like cells that get super squished, also change shape

174
Q

Components of connective tissues

A

specialized cells
extracellular protein fibers
fluid called ground substance

175
Q

Functions of connective tissues

A

establishing a structural framework for body
transporting fluids and dissolved materials
protecting delicate organs
supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other types of tissue
storing energy reserves, especially triglycerides
defending body from invading microorganisms

176
Q

Description/location of loose connective tissue

A

more ground substance, fewer fibers
example: fat (adipose tissue)
fill spaces between organs, cushion cells, and support epithelia

177
Q

Types of connective tissue proper

A

loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, reticular) and dense connective tissue (regular, irregular, elastic)

178
Q

Description/location of areolar tissue

A

least specialized, open framework, viscous ground substance, elastic fibers, holds capillary beds
found in dermis of skin, between muscles, around joints, bloods vessels, nerves, covered by epithelia in digestive and respiratory and urinary tracts

179
Q

Elastic fibers

A

contain elastin
branched and wavy
return to original length after stretching

180
Q

Fibroblasts

A

cells that secrete collagen proteins

181
Q

Collagen fibers

A

most common fibers in connective tissue proper
long, straight, and unbranched
strong and flexible
resist force in one direction

182
Q

Description/location of reticular tissue

A

made of reticular fibers, form a complex 3D stroma
provides support/supports functional cells of organs
found in liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

183
Q

Description/location of adipose tissue

A

contains adipocytes (fat cells) –> do not divide in adults, expand to store fat and shrink when fats are released
mesenchymal cells make more fat cells

provides padding and cushions to shocks, stores energy

found deep to the skin, buttocks and breasts, padding around eyes and kidneys

184
Q

Description/location of dense regular connective tissue

A

tightly packed parallel collagen fibers
tendons –> attach muscles to bones
ligaments –> connect one bone to another and stabilize organs
aponeuroses –> tendinous sheets that attach a broad, flat muscle to another structure

185
Q

Description/location of dense irregular connective tissue

A

interwoven network of collagen fibers
provides strength to dermis, forms sheath around cartilages (perichondrium) and bones (periosteum), forms capsule around some organs (liver, kidneys, spleen)

186
Q

Description/location of elastic tissue

A

contain elastic fibers and fibroblasts
stabilizes positions of vertebrae and penis, cushions shocks, permits expansion and contraction of organs
found between vertebrae, ligaments supporting penis, ligaments supporting transitional epithelia, in blood vessel walls

187
Q

Types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

188
Q

Description/location of hyaline cartilage

A

most common type
tough and somewhat flexible, reduces friction between bones
found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea

chondrocytes in lacunae, smooth looking matrix

189
Q

Description/location of elastic cartilage

A

supportive but bends easily, returns structure to original shape
found in external ear and epiglottis

chondrocytes in lacunae, elastic fiber matrix

190
Q

Description/location of fibrocartilage

A

very durable and tough, limits movement, prevents bone-to-bone contact
found around joints, between pubic bones, between spinal vertebrae

chondrocytes in lacunae, fibrous matrix

191
Q

Description/location of bone (osseous) tissue

A

used for weight and support, resists shattering (collagen fibers)
calcified (rigid by calcium salts)
has osteocytes (bone cells) within lacunae

192
Q

Canaliculi

A

small channels in matrix of bone tissue that allow for exchange of materials with blood

193
Q

Periosteum

A

covers bone, has a fibrous outer layer and cellular inner layer

194
Q

Description/location of blood

A

has a watery matrix called plasma
contains cells and cell fragments (rbc, wbc, platelets)

195
Q

Description/location of lymph

A

forms as interstitial fluid that enters lymphatic vessels
monitored by immune system
returned to veins near the heart

196
Q

Description/location of nervous tissue

A

specialized for conducting electrical impulses
concentrated in brain and spinal cord
made of neurons and neuroglial cells

197
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

198
Q

Description/location of smooth muscle tissue

A

cells are small and spindle shaped, can divide and regenerate
nonstriated involuntary muscle
used to move food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions, controls diameter of respiratory passageways, regulates diameter of blood vessels
found in walls of blood vessels, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs

199
Q

Description/location of cardiac muscle tissue

A

cells form branching networks connected at intercalated discs
regulated by pace maker cells
striated involuntary muscle
found in the heart
used to circulate blood, maintain blood pressure

200
Q

Description/location of of skeletal muscle tissue

A

consists of long, thin muscle fibers
cells do not divide
new fibers are produced by divisions of myosatellite cells
striated voluntary muscle
combined with connective tissues and neural tissue in skeletal muscles
used to move or stabilize position of skeleton, protects internal organs, generates heat, guards exits and entrances of organ systems

201
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

extracellular components of connective tissue (fibers and ground substance)
majority of tissue volume, determines specialized function

202
Q

Ground substance

A

clear, colorless, viscous substance
fills spaces between cells and slows pathogen movement

203
Q

Reticular fibers

A

form a strong network of interwoven fibers (stroma)
strong and flexible
resist forces in many directions
stabilize functional cells (parenchyma) and structures

204
Q

Tight junction

A

between two plasma membranes
adhesion belt attaches to terminal web
prevent passage of water and solutes
keeps enzymes, acids, and wastes from lumen of the digestive tract

205
Q

Gap junction

A

allow rapid communication
cells held together by interlocking transmembrane proteins
allow small molecules and ions to pass
coordinate contractions in heart muscle

206
Q

Desmosomes

A

CAMs and proteoglycans link opposing plasma membranes
spot desmosomes –> tie cells together, allow bending and twisting
hemidesmosomes –> attach cells to the basement membrane

207
Q

Basement membrane

A

supporting structure and scaffolding of epithelial tissue, separating it from other tissue types
also known as basal lamina

208
Q

Unicellular gland

A

goblet cells that secrete mucin to mix with water and make mucus in epithelia of intestines

209
Q

Phagocyte

A

type of cell that engulfs and kills bacteria and other cell particles

210
Q

Mast cell

A

immune system cells

211
Q

Adipocyte

A

cells that contain fat

212
Q

Endomysium

A

wispy layer of areolar connective tissue that covers each muscle fiber

213
Q

Neuron

A

cells that send and receive electrical signals

214
Q

Nerve impulse

A

a signal passed through neurons

215
Q

Cell body

A

the part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and nucleolus

216
Q

Axon

A

long and thin extension of body, carries outgoing signals to destination

217
Q

Dendrite

A

short branches extending from body, receive incoming signals

218
Q

Neuroglial cell

A

cells that maintain and support neurons

219
Q

Organs of integumentary system

A

cutaneous membrane (skin) –> epidermis and dermis
accessory structures –> hair and hair follicles, exocrine glands, nails

220
Q

Layers of the skin (from superficial to deep)

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (subcutaneous)

221
Q

Epidermis

A

stratified squamous epithelium
avascular
nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in dermis
contain keratinocytes which produce keratin, keeping epidermis water resistance and strong

222
Q

Dermis

A

located between epidermis and hypodermis
anchors epidermal accessory structures (hair follicles, sweat glands)

223
Q

Hypodermis (subcutaneous)

A

lies deep to dermis
connected to reticular layer by connective tissue
stabilizes position of skin
primarily adipose tissue
large arteries and veins superficially

224
Q

Layers of epidermis (superficial to deep)

A

stratum corneum
stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

225
Q

Stratum corneum

A

exposed surface of skin, 15-30 layers of keratinized cells
multiple layers of flattened, dead, interlocking keratinocytes
water resistant but not waterproof
exposed cells shed after two weeks

226
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

appears as a glassy layer in thick skin only, covers granulosum

227
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of keratinocytes
produced from cells of spinosum
most cells stop dividing and produce keratin, cells die after production

228
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

8-10 layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes
cells appear spiny
contains dendritic cells
some cells from basale might still continue dividing

229
Q

Stratum basale

A

attached to basement membrane
forms strong bond between epidermis and dermis
contains epidermal ridges
has basal cells that replace keratinocytes
have tactile (merkel cells)

230
Q

Layers of the dermis

A

outer papillary layer
deeper reticular layer

231
Q

Papillary layer

A

contains areolar tissue
contains capillaries, lymphatic vessels, sensory neurons
named for dermal papillae that project between epidermal ridges

232
Q

Dermal papillae

A

ridges poking up, at connection of epidermis and dermis
includes capillaries to supply epidermis with gases and nutrients

233
Q

Reticular layer

A

consists of dense irregular tissue
contains collagen and elastic fibers –> provide water resilience and flexibility called skin turgor
contains all cells of connective tissue proper

234
Q

Description and location of arrector pilli muscle

A

muscle that causes hair to stand up straight (goose bumps)
located in the dermis connected to the hair follicle

235
Q

Description and location of sweat glands

A

glands that produce sweat
located in the dermis (reticular)

236
Q

Description and location of sweat pore

A

where sweat is released
opening is on stratum corneum of epidermis

237
Q

Description and location of tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle

A

sense light touch
located in the dermal papillae

238
Q

Description and location of lamellar (Pacinian’s) corpuscle

A

sense deep pressure and vibration
located in the reticular layer

239
Q

Hair shaft

A

part of hair that is outside of the skin

240
Q

Functions of the integument

A

protection of underlying tissues and organs
excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes
maintenance of normal body temp.
production of melanin and keratin
synthesis of vitamin D3
storage of lipids
detection of touch, pressure, and pain
coordination of the immune response

241
Q

Description and location of thick skin

A

has all 5 layers of keratinocytes
covers palms of the hands and soles of feet

242
Q

Description and location of thin skin

A

has 4 layers of keratinocytes (minus lucidum)
covers most of the body

243
Q

Epidermal ridges

A

ridges poking down, at connection of epidermis and dermis

244
Q

Factors influencing skin color

A

two pigments –> melanin and carotene
dermal blood circulation
thickness of stratum corneum

245
Q

Wrinkles

A

collagen fibers and elastic fibers lose elasticity
can be caused by age, change in hormone levels, and UV radiation

246
Q

Stretch marks

A

excessive distortion of skin from pregnancy or weight gain
skin damage caused by loss of skin turgor due to dehydration, aging, hormones, or UV radiation

247
Q

Lines of cleavage (tension lines)

A

produced by parallel bundles of collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis
resists forces applied to skin
a cut made parallel to tension line remains shut and heals well

248
Q

Two major categories of glands

A

exocrine and eccrine glands

249
Q

Description and location of sebaceous glands

A

glands that produce sebum and lube the hair shaft and skin, inhibits growth of bacteria
located in the dermis connected to the hair follicle
simple branched alveolar glands attached to hair shaft
sebaceous follicles usually not associated with hair and discharge sebum directly onto skin surface (cause acne)

250
Q

Description and location of apocrine sweat glands

A

found in armpits, around nipples, and pubic region
secrete products into hair follicles via merocrine secretion
produce sticky, cloudy secretions –> nutrient source for bacteria which causes odors
surrounded by myoepithelial cells

251
Q

Description and location of (eccrine) merocrine glands

A

coiled, tubular glands that discharge directly onto skin surface
widely distributed on body surface (especially palms and soles)
secretions are 99% water + salt
used for cooling skin surface to reduce body temp., excrete water and electrolytes, provide protection against environmental hazards

252
Q

Description and location of mammary glands

A

found in breasts
produce milk

253
Q

Description and location of ceruminous glands

A

found in ears
produce cerumen (earwax)
prevents foreign particles from reaching the eardrum

254
Q

Keratinocyte

A

a cell that produces keratin

255
Q

Dendritic cell

A

cells active in immune response in the stratum spinosum

256
Q

Merkel cell

A

have sensory nerv endings
respond to touch
found in hairless skin

257
Q

Melanocyte

A

cells that contain the pigment melanin

258
Q

Melanin

A

red-yellow or brown-black pigment
produced by melanocytes
stored in intracellular vesicles (melanosomes) which are transferred to keratinocytes
protects the skin from UV radiation

259
Q

Carotene

A

orange-yellow pigment
found in orange vegetables
accumulates in all layers of skin
can be converted to vitamin A which is needed for epithelial maintenance and synthesis of photoreceptor pigments in eye

260
Q

Hemoglobin

A

bright red when bound to oxygen
blood vessel dilation from heat causes skin to redden
blood vessel constriction from cold causes skin to become pale

261
Q

Erythmea

A

reddening of skin due to vasodilation

262
Q

Cyanosis

A

bluish skin due to vasoconstriction

263
Q

Cutaneous plexus

A

deep network of arteries along the reticular layer

264
Q

Subpapillary plexus

A

network of arteries along the reticular layer
capillaries drain into small veins that lead to larger veins in subcutaneous layer

BIO 220 (1 decks)

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