Exam 1 (Units 1 & 2)

Question 1

speech

Answer 1

the dynamic neuromuscular process of producing speech sounds for communication; a verbal (using words) means of expression

in order for there to be speech there needs to be language

Question 2

phoneme

Answer 2

smallest linguistic unit of sounds, each with distinctive features, that can signal a difference in meaning when modified (cat vs bat)

Question 3

language

Answer 3

a socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and rule-governed combinations of those symbols

Question 4

communication

Answer 4

exchange of information, ideas, needs, and desires between two or more individuals

Question 5

dialects

Answer 5

subcategories or a parent language that uses similar, but not identical, rules

Question 6

deficit approach

Answer 6

notion that only one dialect of a language is inherently correct or standard and that others are substandard or exhibit some deficit

Question 7

sociolinguistic approach

Answer 7

considers that all dialectal variation is to be related to each other and the idealized standard

each dialect is a valid rule system and therefore none is better than the other

Question 8

code switching

Answer 8

process of varying between two or more languages

Question 9

bilingual

Answer 9

fluent in two languages

Question 10

paralinguistic codes

Answer 10

vocal and nonvocal codes that are superimposed on linguistic code to signal the speaker’s attitude or emotion or to clarify or provide additional meaning

intonation, stress, rate

Question 11

nonlinguistic codes

Answer 11

coding devices that contribute to communication but are not a part of speech.

gestures, body posture, eye contact, facial expression, physical distance, head and body movement

Question 12

syntax

Answer 12

organizational rules specifying word order, sentence organization, and word relationships

“I went to the store” vs “I to the store went”

Question 13

morphology

Answer 13

concerned with the rules governing change in meaning at the intraword level

Question 14

morpheme

Answer 14

smallest unit of meaning

individual without violating the meaning or producing meaningless units

free (tree) and bound (-ing)

Question 15

phonology

Answer 15

concerned with the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech-sound patterns

example: omits /s/ sound in blends

Question 16

semantics

Answer 16

concerned with the meaning or content of words or grammatical units

example: uses the right vocabulary word to express meaning

Question 17

pragmatics

Answer 17

concerned with language use within a communication context

example: is more formal when talking to teachers than with friends

Question 18

rule-governed

Answer 18

shared rule systems allow users of a language to create and comprehend messages

Question 19

generative

Answer 19

language is productive and creative

a knowledge of the rules permits speakers to generate meaningful utterances

Question 20

social tool

Answer 20

enables users to transmit ideas and desires to one another

Question 21

content

Answer 21

semantics

Question 22

form

Answer 22

morphology
syntax
phonology

Question 23

use

Answer 23

pragmatics

Question 24

conduit

Answer 24

assumes that words carry meaning

Question 25

alignment

Answer 25

tying measures of communicative success to the activities and goals of the functional system

Question 26

indexical grounds

Answer 26

we anchor communication within certain scenes or grounds

Question 27

transmission model of communicative success

Answer 27

speakers encode meaning into language and transmit the coded language to listeners through some medium and listeners receive it and then decode the meanings