EXAM 1 Topics

Question 1

What is a high level language?

Answer 1

A programming language that is designed to be easy for humans to read and write. Are used to write software that can be understood by humans and computers.

Question 2

What is a low level languages?

Answer 2

They are closer to machine languages and are harder for humans to read and write. Are used to write programs that interact directly with the computers hardware.

Question 3

What is a mid level language?

Answer 3

Serves as a bridge between high level and low level languages.

Question 4

What are language paradigms?

Answer 4

Are a way to classify programming languages based on their features. Used to describe the style of syntax and grammar, the way the code is organized and the implications for the execution model of the language. FUNCTIONAL, IMPERATIVE,OBJECT ORIENTED

Question 5

What is object oriented programming?

Answer 5

OOP, is a programming paradigm that is based on the concept of object. An object is a self contained entity that consists of both data and methods that operate on that data.

Question 6

What is machine language?

Answer 6

A low level programming language that is used to represent operations and fata in a machine. (binary)

Question 7

What are the four pillars of OOP?

Answer 7

Encapsulation, Abstraction, Inheritance, Polymorphism

Question 8

What is encapsulation?

Answer 8

Is the process of hiding the implementation details of an object from the outside world. Is done to protect the objects integrity and to prevent unauthorized access to its internal state.

Question 9

What is abstraction?

Answer 9

Is the process of simplifying complex systems by breaking them down into smaller, more manageable parts.

Question 10

What is inheritance?

Answer 10

Is the process of creating new classes from existing classes. The new classes inherit the properties and methods of the existing classes, which can then be modified or extended as needed.

Question 11

What is polymorphism?

Answer 11

Is the ability of objects to take on many forms. Is achieved through method overloading and method overriding.

Question 12

What are the steps of translation from c code to machine code?(Program translation)

Answer 12

Preprocessing, Compiling, Assembling, Linking,Loader

Question 13

How do you compile the file hello.c?

Answer 13

$ gcc -std=c99 -Wall -Wextra -pedantic -c hello.c
$ gcc -o hello hello.o

Question 14

What does the -Wall flag do?

Answer 14

It enables all warning messages that the compiler can generate.

Question 15

What does the -c flag do?

Answer 15

This flag tells the compiler to compile the source code into an object file, but not to link it with other object files to create an executable program.

Question 16

What does the -o flag do?

Answer 16

This flag specifies the name of the output file that the compiler should generate.

Question 17

What does the -std=c99 flag do?

Answer 17

It is used to specify the version of the C standard that the program that the program should be compiled against. Used to determine the language standard.

Question 18

What does the -Wextra and -pedantic flag do?

Answer 18

It is a warning option in the gcc compiler that enables supplementary warnings beyond those enabled by -Wall. Used to enable extra warning flags that are not included in -Wall.

Question 19

What does the #define preprocessor do?

Answer 19

It defines macros, which are used to store constants.

Question 20

What does #include preprocessor do?

Answer 20

Is used to include a header file in a C program. It tells the preprocessor to include the contents of a header file in the source code of the program.

Question 21

What is a header file?

Answer 21

Files that contain declarations of functions, variables, and other constructs that are used in the program.

Question 22

What does the preprocessor #ifndef do?

Answer 22

It is used to check if a macro has not been defined before. If the macro has not been defined, the code between the preprocessor and the corresponding #endif directive is included in the program. Is often used to prevent multiple inclusions of header files in a program.

Question 23

What does preprocessor #endif do?

Answer 23

Is used to mark the end of a conditional block of code that began with an #if, #ifdef, or #ifndef directive. It is used to tell the preprocessor where the conditional block of code ends.

Question 24

What are the primitive data types in c?

Answer 24

Are the most basic data types that are used for representing simple values. Int, float, double, char, void.

Question 25

What is a user define data type?

Answer 25

Are defined by the user themselves. Such as structures and unions.

Question 26

How to set up a pointer?

Answer 26

First declare a pointer variable.
data_type *pointer_name;
ex: int *ptr;
This declares a pointer variable named ptr that points to an integer.
After declaring the pointer variable you can assign it to the adress of a variable using the address of operator(&).
To assign the address of an integer variable to the pointer variable ptr use the following code.
int x = 10;
int *ptr;
ptr = &x;
This assigns the address of x to the pointer variable ptr.

Question 27

What is a signed int and an unsigned int?

Answer 27

They are used to specify the range of values that a variable can hold. A signed variable can hold both positive and negative values, while an unsigned variable can only hold non-negative values.

Question 28

What is the difference between short vs long?

Answer 28

Short and long are used to specify the range of values that a variable can hold. A short variable can hold smaller values than an int variable, while a long variable can hold larger values than an int variable.

Question 29

What are local variables?

Answer 29

Local variables are declared within a function or block of code and can only be used by statements that are inside that function or block of code. They are not known to functions outside their own.

Question 30

What are global variables?

Answer 30

Global variables are declared outside of any function or block of code and can be used by any function or block of code in the program. They are known to all functions in the program.

Question 31

What is a static variable?

Answer 31

A variable that is declared with the static keyword inside a function. They are not allocated on the stack, instead they are allocated in the data segment of the program. They have the property of preserving their value even after they are out of their scope. It preserves it previous value in its previous scope and is not initialized again in the new scope.

Question 32

How do you write a struct in c?

Answer 32

In C programming, a structure is a user-defined data type that can be used to group items of possibly different types into a single type 1. To define a structure, the struct keyword is used. The syntax of a structure definition is as follows:
struct structureName {
dataType member1;
dataType member2;
…
};

Question 33

What is the OS Kernel?

Answer 33

The kernel is the central component of an operating system that manages the operations of a computer and its hardware. RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, ABSTRACTION, PROTECTION

Question 34

What is virtual memory?

Answer 34

Is a memory management technique that allows a computer to use more memory than it physically has available. It is a way of extending the computers main memory by using disk storage as a temporary storage space.

Question 35

What are strings?

Answer 35

A sequence of characters terminated with a null character. Strings are represented as arrays of characters and are null terminated, meaning they end with a special character call the null character indicating the end of string.

Question 36

Whats in a virtual memory segment?

Answer 36

TEXT,DATA,BSS,HEAP,STACK

Question 37

What is the function of TEXT?

Answer 37

Executable code

Question 38

What is the function of data?

Answer 38

Initialized global variables

Question 39

What is the function of BSS?

Answer 39

Uninitialized global variables (initialized +0)

Question 40

What is the function of heap?

Answer 40

dynamic memory

Question 41

What is the function of the stack?

Answer 41

Local variables