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Anatomy > Exam 1 (Thoracic Limb IP1) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Thoracic Limb IP1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the scapulohumeral joint?

A

The joint capsule, glenohumeral ligaments, tranverse humeral ligament, biceps brachii proximal tendon

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2
Q

What muscles stabilize the scapulohumeral joint?

A
  1. Subscapularis M
  2. Supraspinatus M
  3. Infraspinatus M
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3
Q

What type of joint is the scapulohumeral joint?

A

Synovial and Round

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4
Q

What is the muscle that extend the scapulohumeral joint?

A

Supraspinatus Muscle

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5
Q

What is the muscle that flexes the scapulohumeral joint?

A

Infraspinatus Muscle

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6
Q

What nerves originate from the brachial plexus?

A

Short Answer: All forelimb nerves
Long Answer: suprascapular N, Subscapular N, Axilary N, Radial N, Musculocutaneous N, Median N, Ulnar N

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7
Q

What is Brachial Plexus Avulsion?

A

When the thoracic limb is pulled excessively and disrupts all the nerves originating from the plexus

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8
Q

How does Brachial Plexus Avulsion present?

A

Lameness, potential partial Horner’s Syndrome

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9
Q

What are the features of the elbow joint?

A

It is a hinge and compound joint made of 3 bones
-Proximal Radioulnar
-Humeroradial
-Humeroulnar
Has collateral ligaments

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the Proximal Radioulnar in the elbow joint?

A

Allows the rotation of the antebrachium

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the humeroradial region of the elbow joint?

A

It is the most weight bearing of the 3 regions

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12
Q

All joints distal to the shoulder have _________ _________

A

Collateral Ligaments

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13
Q

What is the purpose of a collateral ligament?

A

It restricts movement in the sagittal plane and allows some rotational movement

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14
Q

What is the main function of carpal joints?

A

They are instrumental in absorbing concussive shock

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15
Q

What are the three carpal joints?

A
  1. Radiocarpal Joint
  2. Intermediate carpal joint
  3. Carpometacarpal joint
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16
Q

What muscle rotates the forearm medially and can flex the elbow joint?

A

Pronator teres muscle

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17
Q

What muscle rotates the forearm laterally and can flex the elbow joint?

A

Supinator muscle

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18
Q

What muscle inserts on the olecranon and can extend the elbow?

A

Tensor fasciae antebrachii

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19
Q

What muscle’s only function is to extend the elbow joint ?

A

Anconeus muscle

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20
Q

What muscles work to extend the carpus and digits?

A

The antebrachium extensor muscles

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21
Q

What holds together the tendons of the extensor muscles?

A

Extensor Retinaculum

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22
Q

What holds together the tendons of the flexor muscles?

A

Flexor Retinaculum

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23
Q

What muscles work to flex the carpus and digits?

A

The antebrachium flexor muscles

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24
Q

What is meant by orthogonal views?

A

Meaning you are looking at a 3D structure in a 2D picture; it is needed to do a 90 degree angle called an orthogonal plane to get the full view

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25
Q

What are the radiopacities from black to white?

A

Black- air
fat
water/soft tissue
bone
White- metal

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26
Q

What do we call an item that creates the darkest region on a radiograph (air)?

A

Radiolucent

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27
Q

What do we call an item that creates the lightest region on a radiograph (metal)?

A

Radiopaque

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28
Q

What is summation in terms of radiographs?

A

Structures that overlap each other(ex: two bones)

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29
Q

What are Retinacula and Annular ligaments?

A

Specialized thickening of the fascia

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30
Q

What is a bursa?

A

A synovial sac located between two structures to cushion the area and reduce friction on the muscle tendon

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31
Q

What is a tendon sheath?

A

A lengthened bursa that wraps totally around a tendon and is subjected to friction?

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32
Q

What is the difference between a bursa and a tendon sheath?

A

Tendon sheaths are subjected to friction while bursa are not and only help reduce friction by creating a “pillow”

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33
Q

What are instrinsic vs extrinsic muscles?

A

Extrinsic muscles attach the forelimb to the trunk
Intrinsic muscles are only in one region of the body and alter only that region

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34
Q

What is a agonist muscle?

A

Muscles that produce a similar action

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35
Q

What is an antagonist muscle?

A

Muscle that produces an opposite action

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36
Q

What is a trochlea?

A

A pulley like articular mass

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37
Q

What are condyles?

A

An approximately spherical mass

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38
Q

What are fossae?

A

Large depression

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39
Q

What are processes?

A

A bony projection

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40
Q

What are trochanters?

A

A type of tuberosity

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41
Q

What are tubercles?

A

A smaller projection

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42
Q

Identify each of the four cutaneous antebrachial nerves and each one’s nerve of origin,

A
  1. Lateral cutaneous antebrachial N- Radial N
  2. Cranial cutaneous antebrachial N- Axillary N
  3. Medial cutaneous antebrachial N- Musculocutaneous N
  4. Caudal cutaneous antebrachial N- Ulnar N

LAMP RAMU

43
Q

What injury causes an inability to extend the limb?

A

Brachial Plexus Avulsion

44
Q

What is involved in atrophy of the shoulder muscles?

A

When the suprascapular N is injured due to trauma, the supraspinatus and infraspinatus mm can atrophy

45
Q

What are the clinical signs of elbow dysplasia?

A

Bilateral thoracic limb lameness; painful in both elbow; radiographs show failure of ossification center of the anconeus to fuse with the olecranon

46
Q

What are the clinical signs of OCD (Osteochondritis Dissecans)?

A

The physis cartilage loses blood supply when the humerus grows too quickly; erosion of articular cartilage

47
Q

What is luxation?

A

Dislocation

48
Q

What is subluxation?

A

a partial dislocation

49
Q

What is carpal varus?

A

The elbows buckle or bow out more than the feet and other parts of the limb to point medially

50
Q

What is carpal valgus?

A

The front feet point outward or laterally away from the limb and the body’s alignment

51
Q

How does fiber arrangement relate to the power of the muscle?

A

The power of the muscle increases with the obliquity (slanting) of the fibers

52
Q

What nerve innervates the subscapularis m?

A

Subscapular N

53
Q

What nerve innervates the infraspinatus m?

A

Suprascapular N

54
Q

What nerve innervates the supraspinatus m?

A

Suprascapular N

55
Q

What nerve innervates the deltoideus m?

A

Axillary N

56
Q

What nerve innervates the teres major m?

A

Axillary N

57
Q

What nerve innervates the teres minor m?

A

Axillary N

58
Q

What nerve innervates the triceps brachii m?

A

Radial N

59
Q

What nerve innervates the Anconeus m?

A

Radial N

60
Q

What nerve innervates the Tensor Fasciae Antebrachii m?

A

Radial N

61
Q

What nerve innervates the extensor muscles including the supinator m and abductor polllicis longus m?

A

Radial N

62
Q

What nerve innervates the Biceps Brachii m?

A

Musculocutaneous N

63
Q

What nerve innervates the Brachialis m?

A

Musculocutaneous N

64
Q

What nerve innervates the most flexor muscles (besides flexor carpi ulnaris) including the pronator teres M and pronator quadratus M?

A

Median N

65
Q

What nerve innervates the flexor carpi ulnaris m?

A

Ulnar N

66
Q

What 2 nerves innervate the deep digital flexor m?

A

Median N and Ulnar N

67
Q

What nerve is sensory only?

A

Maxillary N

68
Q

What nerve is motor only?

A

Trochlear N

69
Q

What is the main artery that supplies blood to the paw in a dog?

A

Median A

70
Q

What is the main artery that supplies blood to the paw in a cat?

A

Radial A

71
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the trapezius m?

A

O- Median Raphe
I- Scauplar Spine

72
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the Rhomboideus?

A

O- Median Raphe
I- Dorsal Border of scapula

73
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the Omotransversarius?

A

O-Distal Scapular spine
I-Transverse wing of atlas

74
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the Descending Superficial Pectoral?

A

O- 1st strenebrae
I- Greater tubercle of humerus

75
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the Transverse Superficial Pectoral?

A

O- 1st sternebrae
I- Greater tubercle of humerus

76
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the Deep Pectoral?

A

O- Sternum
I- Lesser tubercle of Humerus

77
Q

Muscles do not flex or extend, but instead act on _______ to effect movement

A

Joints

78
Q

What is an origin?

A

Fixed attachment site and usually proximal

79
Q

What is an insertion?

A

Moveable end of the muscle and usually distal

80
Q

Deep branch of the radial nerve is _______ to the extensor muscles of the antebrachium

A

motor

81
Q

Superficial branch of the radial nerve is _______ to skin on lateral antebrachium

A

sensory

82
Q

What is a joint that involves two or more bones that open and close in one direction only ?Ex: elbow

A

Hinge

83
Q

What is a joint that has a rounded head of one bone that sits within the cup of another? Ex: shoulder joint

A

Ball and Socket Joint (Round)

84
Q

What is the shaft of the bone?

A

Diaphysis

85
Q

What is the terminal end of the bone?

A

Epiphysis

86
Q

What are in between the growth plates and the shaft and are the centers of ossification?

A

Metaphysis

87
Q

What are the growth plates that lead into the Metaphysis? Also a center for ossification

A

Physis

88
Q

What is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate in the mature bone?

A

Epiphyseal line

89
Q

What is the middle of the bone that holds the bone marrow?

A

Medullary or marrow cavity

90
Q

The humerus, radius, ulna, and phalanges are examples of _____ bones?

A

Long

91
Q

The scapula is an example of a _____ bone

A

Flat

92
Q

The carpal bones are an example of ______ bones

A

Short

93
Q

What is the resting position of the distal phalanx in the cat?

A

Retracted

94
Q

In the cat claw, the flexor tendon _____ the nail

A

Extends

95
Q

It is the ______ of the deep digital flexor muscle that extends the claw of the cat

A

Contraction

96
Q

The dorsal elastic ligament and the common digital extensor tendon keep the claw ______

A

Retracted

97
Q

A nerve is a bundle of _______

A

Fibers

98
Q

Term for information being carried to the CNS

A

Afferent

99
Q

Term for information carried from the CNS to motor

A

Efferent

100
Q

The PNS represents all nerves where?

A

Outside the CNS

101
Q

What passes through the feline supracondylar foramen in the humerus?

A

The brachial artery and the median nerve

102
Q

What is the structure that the deep digital flexor tendon passes through which is formed by the superficial digital flexor tendon?

A

Manica Flexoria

103
Q

The term carpus means all bone and _____ _____ in the foot region

A

soft tissue

104
Q

Hi there, You are doing amazing and will succeed!

A

Yes ma’am, I’m awesome

Anatomy (2 decks)

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