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Contact Lens > Exam 1- Theory and Practice of Spherical Rigid and Soft CL > Flashcards

Exam 1- Theory and Practice of Spherical Rigid and Soft CL Flashcards

1
Q

Eye exams and spectacle lenses account for what % of your gross income?

A

60

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2
Q

Eye exams and CL accounts for what % of your gross income

A

30

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3
Q

Eye exams and oc diz accound for what % of your gross income

A

10

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4
Q

Who was the first to conceive the neutralization of the cornea by substituting a new refracting surface?

A

Leonardo da vinci

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5
Q

Who said “if one applies directly against the eye, a tube filled of water… there will no longer be any refraction at the entry of the eye”

A

Rene Descartes

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6
Q

Who outlined the principles of the telescope and other techniques for enlarging retinal image size?

A

Rene Descartes

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7
Q

Who is the “Father of Physiological Optics”?

A

Thomas Young

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8
Q

Who was first to establish the fact that accommodation was related to changes in the cystalline lens?

A

Thomas Young

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9
Q

Who was first to describe and measure astigmatism?

A

Thomas Young

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10
Q

Who was first to provide a scientific explanation for color vision?

A

Thomas Young

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11
Q

What is a hydradiascope?

A

25 mm tube closed at one end by a biconvex lens filled with cold water and placed on the orbital rim. Designed to study mechanisms of accommodation

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12
Q

Who designed the hydradiascope?

A

Thomas Young

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13
Q

Who was first to wake a photograph onto glass and gave us the term “photography” “negative and postive” “snapshot”?

A

Sir John Herschel

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14
Q

Who described how a CL could be designed with a posterior surface and anterior surface?

A

Sir John Herschel

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15
Q

Posterior surface CL

A

an exact facsimile of the cornea

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16
Q

Anterior surface CL

A

designed to correct the refractive error

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17
Q

Who was a master glass blower and maker of artificial eyes?

A

Frederick A. Muller

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18
Q

Who fabricated a protective glass shell for a patient with severe exposure following removal of a malignant lid tumor?

A

Frederick A. Muller

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19
Q

What was Frederick A. Muller’s contact lens like?

A

The shell had a clear central portion with no optical power. The scleral flange was colored to match the sclera with the inclusion of small blood vessels

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20
Q

When was Muller’s contact lens made?

A

1887

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21
Q

How often was a new lens made due to corrosion of the glass by the tear film by Muller?

A

12-18 mo

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22
Q

When did 3 individuals independently develop the first contact lenses?

A

1888

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23
Q

Who were the 3 individuals that developed the first CL?

A

Adolph Eugen Fick (Zurich Switzerland), August Muller (Kiel Germany), and Eugene Kalt (Paris France)

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24
Q

Who first published work on CL?

A

Adolph Eugene Fick 1888

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25
Q

What did Adolph Eugene Fick report?

A

Reported how he had fitted CL to irregularly shaped corneas, experimented from mold taken from cadaver eyes

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26
Q

Who did Fick develop the first CL with refractive powers with?

A

Carl Zeiss

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27
Q

Who was first to describe the etiology of CL induced corneal edema?

A

August Muller

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28
Q

What was August Mullers refractive correction? Who ground glass scleral lenses to correct it?

A

-14.00 D, Otto Himmler

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29
Q

Who said “with the device, pressure is exerted only on the tissue surrounding the border of the cornea…. it becomes clear then, that the cornea would be rapidly affected by metabolic disorders”?

A

August Muller

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30
Q

Who developed the first CL for keratoconus?

A

Eugene Kalt (Kalt= keratoconus)

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31
Q

What mm corneal lens designs did Kalt use?

A

11

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32
Q

What were Eugene Kalt’s lenses fabricated from?

A

Segments cut from the bottoms of test tubes

33
Q

When were CL made of glass?

A

1888-1936

34
Q

Who made blown glass scleral lenses?

A

F.A. Muller Company of Wiesbaden, Germany

35
Q

Who made ground glass scleral lenses?

A

Carl Zeiss Company of Jena, Germany

36
Q

Who was the first to produce a commercially available diagnostic lens set?

A

Carl Zeiss Company Jena, Germany

37
Q

What base curves were in Carl Zeiss’ lens set?

A

6.5, 7.1, 8.1, and 9.0 mm

38
Q

What was lost on May 6, 1937 Hindenburg?

A

Zeiss contact lenses on way to Leo Waldert an opto in Rochester NY

39
Q

Who was the first to make impressions of living eyes using Negocoll?

A

Joseph Dallos

40
Q

Who was the first to describe toric and lenticular lenses?

A

Joseph Dallos

41
Q

What did Rohm and Hass do in 1930?

A

Produced an acrylic resin Plexiglass for the aviation industry and paint

42
Q

What did Crawford and Hill do in 1934?

A

Developed and patented PMMA as a plastic

43
Q

What became the material of choice for CL in the late 1930s?

A

PMMA (1938)

44
Q

Who was the first American to use plastic for contact lenses, the lenses were made with a glass central optic and a plastic scleral portion?

A

William Feinbloom

45
Q

Who was the first to describe bifocal CL?

A

William Feinbloom

46
Q

Who developed the first completely plastic scleral contact lens?

A

Istuan Gyorrfy (1938)

47
Q

Who was the first to suggest use of fluorescein dye with a cobalt blue light to evaluate fitting relationships?

A

Theo Obrig (1938)

48
Q

Who was the first to develop a scleral lens that incorporated a transitional curve between the corneal and scleral portions to provide limbal clearance?

A

Norman Bier (1943)

49
Q

Who designed the first corneal contact lens made of PMMA?

A

Dennis C. England (1946)

50
Q

Dennis C. England applied for a patent in January 19, 1946, why was it rejected?

A

Most of the eyes presented had irregular astigmatism with no keratometric readings, such a lens was described by Eugene Kalt in 1887, made in glass

51
Q

Who established DMV CL Co. manufacturer of CL accessories in 1941?

A

Dennis C. England

52
Q

Who patented the first plastic corneal CL in 1948 with an 11 mm diameter with a CT of .40 mm?

A

Kevin Tuohy

53
Q

What were Kevin Tuohy’s lenses like?

A

Monocurve design with a base curve and a rounded edge

54
Q

What did Kevin Tuohy’s monocurve design require of the lens fit in 1950?

A

1.50 D flatter than the flat K

55
Q

Who designed the first multicurve lenses to better contour the true shape of the cornea?

A

George Butterfield (1951)

56
Q

Who developed the “microlens” 9.5 mm in diameter with an average center thickness of 0.20 mm?

A

Frank Dickinson, John Neil and Wilhelm Sohnges (1951)

57
Q

Who made the first soft CL?

A

Otto Wichterle (1961)

58
Q

What was the first commercially soft lenses available?

A

SPOFA Lens 1965

59
Q

Who acquired the rights to Wichterle’s hydrogel material?

A

National Patent Development Corp and Dr. Robert Morrison (1964)

60
Q

When did NPDC buy out Dr.Morrison’s shares?

A

1965

61
Q

The National Patent Development granted an exclusive licensive to what company to manufacture and distribute the hydrogel lenses in the United States?

A

Bausch and Lomb Inc. 1966

62
Q

Are soft contact lenses considered a “drug”?

A

Yes, the Food and Drug Admin classified soft CL as a drug in 1968. Became involved in regulating the manufacture and disinfection of CL

63
Q

What was the first hydrogel lens approved by the FDA for the US market?

A

The B&L “C” Series 1971

64
Q

When was the first heat disinfection?

A

1971

65
Q

When was the first chemical disinfection?

A

1977

66
Q

When did hydrogen peroxide start being used?

A

1983

67
Q

What are the 3 types of solutions used for lens care today?

A

Multi-purpose solutions, hydrogen peroxide, UV systems

68
Q

Name 4 multi-purpose solutions

A

Aquify, complete easy rub, optifree replenish, renu multiplus

69
Q

Name 2 hydrogen peroxide solutions

A

Clear Care, Oxysept

70
Q

Name a UV system

A

Purilens

71
Q

What has a Dk =0?

A

PMMA

72
Q

Dk= 4-8?

A

CAB (cellulose acetate butyrate)

73
Q

Dk= 12-54?

A

Silicone acrylate

74
Q

Dk= 30-160?

A

Fluorosilicone acrylate

75
Q

What are 4 types of modern soft disposable lenses?

A

Danalens, Denmark 1981; Vistakon, Acuvue 1987; B&L, Seequence 1988; Ciba Vision, NewVues 1988

76
Q

What are 3 types of modern soft daily disposable lenses?

A

Award, Premier 1992; Vistakon Acuvue 1 Day 1993; B&L Occasion 1993

77
Q

What are 2 types of silicon/hydrogel lenses?

A

PureVision 1998, Focus Night & Day 1998

78
Q

What are the 7 current hydrogel lenses?

A

Acuvue Advanced, B&L Purevision, Ciba Night and Day, Coopervision Avaira, Acuvue Oasys, Coopervision Biofinity, Ciba O2 Optics (Air Optix)

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