Exam 1- Theory and Practice of Spherical Rigid and Soft CL Flashcards
Eye exams and spectacle lenses account for what % of your gross income?
60
Eye exams and CL accounts for what % of your gross income
30
Eye exams and oc diz accound for what % of your gross income
10
Who was the first to conceive the neutralization of the cornea by substituting a new refracting surface?
Leonardo da vinci
Who said “if one applies directly against the eye, a tube filled of water… there will no longer be any refraction at the entry of the eye”
Rene Descartes
Who outlined the principles of the telescope and other techniques for enlarging retinal image size?
Rene Descartes
Who is the “Father of Physiological Optics”?
Thomas Young
Who was first to establish the fact that accommodation was related to changes in the cystalline lens?
Thomas Young
Who was first to describe and measure astigmatism?
Thomas Young
Who was first to provide a scientific explanation for color vision?
Thomas Young
What is a hydradiascope?
25 mm tube closed at one end by a biconvex lens filled with cold water and placed on the orbital rim. Designed to study mechanisms of accommodation
Who designed the hydradiascope?
Thomas Young
Who was first to wake a photograph onto glass and gave us the term “photography” “negative and postive” “snapshot”?
Sir John Herschel
Who described how a CL could be designed with a posterior surface and anterior surface?
Sir John Herschel
Posterior surface CL
an exact facsimile of the cornea
Anterior surface CL
designed to correct the refractive error
Who was a master glass blower and maker of artificial eyes?
Frederick A. Muller
Who fabricated a protective glass shell for a patient with severe exposure following removal of a malignant lid tumor?
Frederick A. Muller
What was Frederick A. Muller’s contact lens like?
The shell had a clear central portion with no optical power. The scleral flange was colored to match the sclera with the inclusion of small blood vessels
When was Muller’s contact lens made?
1887
How often was a new lens made due to corrosion of the glass by the tear film by Muller?
12-18 mo
When did 3 individuals independently develop the first contact lenses?
1888
Who were the 3 individuals that developed the first CL?
Adolph Eugen Fick (Zurich Switzerland), August Muller (Kiel Germany), and Eugene Kalt (Paris France)
Who first published work on CL?
Adolph Eugene Fick 1888
What did Adolph Eugene Fick report?
Reported how he had fitted CL to irregularly shaped corneas, experimented from mold taken from cadaver eyes
Who did Fick develop the first CL with refractive powers with?
Carl Zeiss
Who was first to describe the etiology of CL induced corneal edema?
August Muller
What was August Mullers refractive correction? Who ground glass scleral lenses to correct it?
-14.00 D, Otto Himmler
Who said “with the device, pressure is exerted only on the tissue surrounding the border of the cornea…. it becomes clear then, that the cornea would be rapidly affected by metabolic disorders”?
August Muller
Who developed the first CL for keratoconus?
Eugene Kalt (Kalt= keratoconus)
What mm corneal lens designs did Kalt use?
11
What were Eugene Kalt’s lenses fabricated from?
Segments cut from the bottoms of test tubes
When were CL made of glass?
1888-1936
Who made blown glass scleral lenses?
F.A. Muller Company of Wiesbaden, Germany
Who made ground glass scleral lenses?
Carl Zeiss Company of Jena, Germany
Who was the first to produce a commercially available diagnostic lens set?
Carl Zeiss Company Jena, Germany
What base curves were in Carl Zeiss’ lens set?
6.5, 7.1, 8.1, and 9.0 mm
What was lost on May 6, 1937 Hindenburg?
Zeiss contact lenses on way to Leo Waldert an opto in Rochester NY
Who was the first to make impressions of living eyes using Negocoll?
Joseph Dallos
Who was the first to describe toric and lenticular lenses?
Joseph Dallos
What did Rohm and Hass do in 1930?
Produced an acrylic resin Plexiglass for the aviation industry and paint
What did Crawford and Hill do in 1934?
Developed and patented PMMA as a plastic
What became the material of choice for CL in the late 1930s?
PMMA (1938)
Who was the first American to use plastic for contact lenses, the lenses were made with a glass central optic and a plastic scleral portion?
William Feinbloom
Who was the first to describe bifocal CL?
William Feinbloom
Who developed the first completely plastic scleral contact lens?
Istuan Gyorrfy (1938)
Who was the first to suggest use of fluorescein dye with a cobalt blue light to evaluate fitting relationships?
Theo Obrig (1938)
Who was the first to develop a scleral lens that incorporated a transitional curve between the corneal and scleral portions to provide limbal clearance?
Norman Bier (1943)
Who designed the first corneal contact lens made of PMMA?
Dennis C. England (1946)
Dennis C. England applied for a patent in January 19, 1946, why was it rejected?
Most of the eyes presented had irregular astigmatism with no keratometric readings, such a lens was described by Eugene Kalt in 1887, made in glass
Who established DMV CL Co. manufacturer of CL accessories in 1941?
Dennis C. England
Who patented the first plastic corneal CL in 1948 with an 11 mm diameter with a CT of .40 mm?
Kevin Tuohy
What were Kevin Tuohy’s lenses like?
Monocurve design with a base curve and a rounded edge
What did Kevin Tuohy’s monocurve design require of the lens fit in 1950?
1.50 D flatter than the flat K
Who designed the first multicurve lenses to better contour the true shape of the cornea?
George Butterfield (1951)
Who developed the “microlens” 9.5 mm in diameter with an average center thickness of 0.20 mm?
Frank Dickinson, John Neil and Wilhelm Sohnges (1951)
Who made the first soft CL?
Otto Wichterle (1961)
What was the first commercially soft lenses available?
SPOFA Lens 1965
Who acquired the rights to Wichterle’s hydrogel material?
National Patent Development Corp and Dr. Robert Morrison (1964)
When did NPDC buy out Dr.Morrison’s shares?
1965
The National Patent Development granted an exclusive licensive to what company to manufacture and distribute the hydrogel lenses in the United States?
Bausch and Lomb Inc. 1966
Are soft contact lenses considered a “drug”?
Yes, the Food and Drug Admin classified soft CL as a drug in 1968. Became involved in regulating the manufacture and disinfection of CL
What was the first hydrogel lens approved by the FDA for the US market?
The B&L “C” Series 1971
When was the first heat disinfection?
1971
When was the first chemical disinfection?
1977
When did hydrogen peroxide start being used?
1983
What are the 3 types of solutions used for lens care today?
Multi-purpose solutions, hydrogen peroxide, UV systems
Name 4 multi-purpose solutions
Aquify, complete easy rub, optifree replenish, renu multiplus
Name 2 hydrogen peroxide solutions
Clear Care, Oxysept
Name a UV system
Purilens
What has a Dk =0?
PMMA
Dk= 4-8?
CAB (cellulose acetate butyrate)
Dk= 12-54?
Silicone acrylate
Dk= 30-160?
Fluorosilicone acrylate
What are 4 types of modern soft disposable lenses?
Danalens, Denmark 1981; Vistakon, Acuvue 1987; B&L, Seequence 1988; Ciba Vision, NewVues 1988
What are 3 types of modern soft daily disposable lenses?
Award, Premier 1992; Vistakon Acuvue 1 Day 1993; B&L Occasion 1993
What are 2 types of silicon/hydrogel lenses?
PureVision 1998, Focus Night & Day 1998
What are the 7 current hydrogel lenses?
Acuvue Advanced, B&L Purevision, Ciba Night and Day, Coopervision Avaira, Acuvue Oasys, Coopervision Biofinity, Ciba O2 Optics (Air Optix)
