Exam 1: Terms To Know

Question 1

Commensalism

Answer 1

Relationships of organisms of different species. Neighbor is harmful. One gains some benefit (protection or nourishment) from the other.

Question 2

Pathogen

Answer 2

Microorganisms which cause disease in a host

Question 3

Pathogenicity

Answer 3

• Pathogen ability to cause pathology or disease
• May be a function of host immunity as well as the virulence of the microorganism
• A pathogen may be derived from the microbiota/normal microbial flora

Question 4

Colonization

Answer 4

when one or more species populate an area

Question 5

resident microbia (microbial flora)

Answer 5

establish long lasting relationship with particular host occupying a defined niche with host immunity

Question 6

transient microbiota

Answer 6

colonize for a short, finite period of time

Question 7

carrier state

Answer 7

pathogens that transiently colonize apparently healthy individuals

Question 8

disease

Answer 8

occurs when the interaction between microbe and human leads to a pathologic process characterized by damage to the human host
(infection does not always imply a disease)

Question 9

mycrobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis)

Answer 9

acid-fast bacilli

Question 10

neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea)

Answer 10

gram negative diplococci

Question 11

francisella tularensis (tularemia)

Answer 11

small gram negative cocci

Question 12

plasmodium spp. (malaria)

Answer 12

protozoan

Question 13

rhabdovirus (rabies)

Answer 13

rabies virus

Question 14

opportunistic pathogens

Answer 14

1. staphylococcus aureus
2. escherichia coli
3. candida albicans

Question 15

outer ear colonizers

Answer 15

coagulase negative staph (gram +)

Question 16

eye is colonized by

Answer 16

coagulase negative staphlococci (gram+)

Question 17

aspiration diseases are usually caused by

Answer 17

anaerobes

Question 18

sterilization

Answer 18

total destruction of all microbes including resilient forms such as spore, mycobacteria, non enveloped viruses and fungi

Question 19

disinfection

Answer 19

destruction of most organisms, although the more resilient microbes can survive some disinfection procedures

Question 20

antisepsis

Answer 20

use of agents on skin or other living tissue to inhibt or eliminate the number of microbes (no sporicidal action)

Question 21

germicide

Answer 21

chemical agent capable of killing microbes, spores mar survive

Question 22

autoclave

Answer 22

device that creates steam under pressure for sterilization

Question 23

peracetic acid

Answer 23

oxidizing agent

end products of acetic acid and oxygen are non toxic

Question 24

glutaraldehyde

Answer 24

can cause safety issues, special care in handling

Question 25

intermediate level disinfectants

Answer 25

germicide that kills microbial pathogens except spores

Question 26

low level disinfectant

Answer 26

germicide that kills most vegetative bacteria and enveloped viruses

Question 27

iodine compounds

Answer 27

precipitate proteins and oxidize essential enzymes

Question 28

chlorine compounds

Answer 28

strong oxidizing agents (bleach) (usually diluted)

Question 29

phenolic compounds (germicideS)

Answer 29

act by disrupting lipid-containing membranes- resulting in a leakage of cellular contents

Question 30

quarternary ammonium compounds

Answer 30

denature cell membranes and include benzalkonium chloride and cetylpyridinium chloride

Question 31

antisepsis compatible on human tissue

Answer 31

alcohols, iodophors, chlorhexidine, triclosan

Question 32

alcohols

Answer 32

70-90% concentration, no residual activity (stops working once dries)

Question 33

iosophors

Answer 33

similar to alcohol, skin should be cleaned before using as organic matter on skin inactivates activity

Question 34

cholorhexidine

Answer 34

kills slower than alcohol, but activity persists

Question 35

triclosan

Answer 35

active against bacteria, but not other agents (used in soaps)

Question 36

enriched nonselective media-

Answer 36

support the growth of most organisms without fastidious growth requirements

Question 37

selective media

Answer 37

designed for the recovery of specific organisms that may be present in a mixture of other organisms, supplemented with inhibitors that suppress the growth of unwanted organisms

Question 38

differential media

Answer 38

specific ingredients added that allow the identification of an organism in a mixture, often combined with a selective media

Question 39

specialized media

Answer 39

created for the detection of specific organisms that may be fastidious, typically present in a large mixture of organisms, or require specific nutrients for cultivation

Question 40

Thioglycolate broth

Answer 40

common enrichment broth used to recover low numbers of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.

Question 41

Immunology

Answer 41

study of the immune system and its response to invading pathogens

Question 42

Immune system

Answer 42

the molecules, cells, tissues and organs that collectively function to provide immunity, or protection, against infectious pathogens

Question 43

Immunity

Answer 43

resistance to disease, specifically infectious disease

Question 44

Immune response

Answer 44

a collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules of the immune system