Exam 1 Terms and Definitions

Question 1

Line

Answer 1

Goffman; Face Work; the pattern of verbal and nonverbal acts by which he expresses his view of the situation, himself, and others involved

Question 2

Face

Answer 2

Goffman; Face Work; the positive value a person claims for herself in a social interaction, based on her line. It is made up of approved social attributes that she takes for herself and others assume she claims

Question 3

Maintaining Face

Answer 3

Goffman; Face Work; A person is said to be maintaining face when the line she effectively takes presents an image of her which is internally consistent, is supported by judgements and evidence conveyed by other participants, and is confirmed by evidence conveyed through impersonal agencies in the situation

Question 4

Wrong Face

Answer 4

Goffman; Face Work; when information is brought that is completely inconsistent with the face others assume she has or the line she has taken up

Question 5

Out of Face

Answer 5

Goffman; Face Work; when he participates in an act without having the line that others expect him to take

Question 6

Poise

Answer 6

Goffman; Face Work; refers to the capacity to suppress and conceal any tendency to become face-shamed during encounters with other, and this can be threatened with extreme loss of face

Question 7

Avoidance Process

Answer 7

Goffman; Face Work; The best way to avoid loss of face or threats to face is to avoid contact with these threats in the first place. It involves keeping away from topics or circumstances which the interactant deems will threaten his face.

Question 8

The most common form of the avoidance process

Answer 8

Goffman; Face Work; Pretending that the social gaffe did not happen in the first place

Question 9

Interchange

Answer 9

Goffman; Face Work; Acknowledging a situation, deeming it as threatening, and implementing a process to return to social equilibrium

Question 10

Steps of the Corrective Process

Answer 10

Goffman; Face Work; Challenge, Offering, Acceptance, Thanks

Question 11

Falling off

Answer 11

Lee; Face Work; when someone who was rapping in a cipher gets tongue-tied, stutters, or abruptly stops rapping

Question 12

Embarrassment

Answer 12

Lee; Face Work; occurs when individuals cannot for the time being mobilize their muscular and intellectual resources for the task at hand

Question 13

Defensive and Protective Practices in Face Work

Answer 13

Lee and Goffman; Face Work; Defensive Practices are used to maintain face of self, and protective practices are used to maintain face of others. They work together to maintain face in general and social equilibrium

Question 14

Canned Resources

Answer 14

Lee; Face Work; People use canned resources, or back up mental, verbal, and nonverbal resources that have been prepared in advance to help maintain face in high-stakes situations. Overly rehearsed canned resources can backfire

Question 15

Street Culture

Answer 15

Anderson; Code of the Street; Violent, aggressive, and more correlated with crime than decent lifestyles. Tend to be more poor.

Question 16

Decent Culture

Answer 16

Anderson; Code of the Street; strong, loving, and adhering to middle class lifestyles

Question 17

The Code of the Street

Answer 17

Anderson; Code of the Street; is an informal set of rules governing interpersonal public behavior including violence. The code prescribes a proper comportment and proper way to respond if challenged, and knowledge of the code is widely defensive

Question 18

Juice

Answer 18

Anderson; Code of the Street; A person’s share of respect on the street, which can be built up through physical dominance and lost through physical defeat

Question 19

Nerve

Answer 19

Anderson; Code of the Street; it is shown when someone takes another’s possessions, such as messing with someone’s woman, throwing the first punch, or pulling the trigger

Question 20

Manhood

Answer 20

Anderson; Code of the Street; characterized by physical and psychological dominance. It is used to deter confrontation, but can also lead to it

Question 21

Confidant

Answer 21

Marche; Facebook Loneliness; someone with whom we can talk and generate meaningful, deep connections

Question 22

Social Capital

Answer 22

Marche; Facebook Loneliness; the strength and value of our social connections and interpersonal networks

Question 23

The Internet Paradox

Answer 23

Marche; Facebook Loneliness; the increasing loneliness despite increased access to communications

Question 24

Social Identity

Answer 24

Jenkins; social identity; it is the way in which individuals and collectivities are distinguished in their social relations with other individuals and collectivities. Similarities and differences are the primary dynamics in identity

Question 25

Ascribed Characteristics

Answer 25

Massey; inequality; Characteristics set at birth

Question 26

Achieved characteristics

Answer 26

Massey; inequality; characteristics that develop over a lifetime

Question 27

Stratification

Answer 27

Massey; inequality; the unequal distribution of people across social categories that are characterized by differential access to scarce resources

Question 28

Exploitation

Answer 28

Massey; inequality; One social group expropriates the resources produced by members of another group, keeping that group from realizing the full benefit

Question 29

Opportunity Hoarding

Answer 29

Massey; inequality; When one social group restricts access to a scarce resource, through denial or monopolistic control, that requires outgroup members to pay a rent for access to the resource

Question 30

The two other social processes which reinforce opportunity hoarding and exploitation

Answer 30

Massey; inequality; Emulation, where one group copies a set of social interrelations from another group from one social setting to another, and adaptation, in which social relations and day-to-day behaviors become oriented towards these ranked categories, including who to help, share with, and befriend

Question 31

The Three Basic Requirements of Social Stratification

Answer 31

Massey; inequality; a social structure that divides people into categories based on achieved and ascribed characteristics, labeling of certain ingroups and outgroups, and social mechanisms of preserving resources for the ingroup without just remuneration for the outgroup.

Question 32

The Paradox of Race

Answer 32

Roy; Race; Nearly everyone agrees race should not matter yet it pervades nearly every aspect of our social lives

Question 33

The Anglo-European View on Race

Answer 33

Roy; Race; Races are groups of people who are assumed to 1) have common physical attributes 2) fall into distinctly bounded categories 3) race is inherent and passed down 4) share behavioral characteristics ascribed to their physical attributes 5) be ranked hierarchically

Question 34

Race Reflexivity

Answer 34

Racial inequality leads to concrete social differences that are then used to prove race a social category, which then reinforces racial divisions

Question 35

Income

Answer 35

Wages and salaries earned from employment, retirement, and government aid

Question 36

Wealth

Answer 36

Owned assets that yield monetary return, like stocks, savings accounts, and houses

Question 37

Privilege according to Desmond and Emirbayer

Answer 37

The ability to screw up and get away with it

Question 38

According to Desmond and Emirbayer, the three causes of poverty are

Answer 38

Modern-day capitalism produces a pool unemployment, deindustrialization made poverty conditions worse, the increasing austerity with social programs

Question 39

Black Ghetto

Answer 39

a racial institution marked by social and economic vulnerability first formed when blacks emigrated north during the early 20th century

Question 40

The three reasons for increased inner-city ghetto poverty

Answer 40

manufacturing jobs shifted from inner cities to suburbs (spatial mismatch thesis), Residential segregation, brain drain on inner cities, especially 1960s and onwards

Question 41

Segmented Assimilation

Answer 41

Immigrants assimilate into different parts of American classes, and there is no monolithic immigrant experience

Question 42

Class according to Roy

Answer 42

The social relationships that understood to be hierarchical on the basis of socioeconomic group membership, reinforced by major institutions, and recurrent over time

Question 43

The difference between social status, economic class, and political power

Answer 43

social status is how people are distinguished by prestige or cultural honor, economic class is how people are distinguished by material possessions such as wealth or income, political power is how people are distinguished by their government influence