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Medical Microbiology > Exam 1 Terms > Flashcards

Exam 1 Terms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Define cocci

A

Bacterial morphology describing a spherical shape

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2
Q

Define bacilli

A

Bacterial morphology describing rod shaped bacteria, can be pleomorphic

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3
Q

Define spirochete

A

Bacterial morphology describing helical (squiggly) shape

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4
Q

Define pleomorphism

A

The ability of some microorganisms to alter their shape in response to environmental conditions

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5
Q

Define flagella

A

Exterior protein filaments involved in movement

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6
Q

Pili or fimbriae

A

Protein fibers, smaller than flagella, which allow for attachment to a host. “Hair like structures”

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7
Q

What are the important components of endospores?

A 
They are:
Highly durable (think genetic bunker) SURVIVAL

Dehydrated cells with thick cell walls that are resistant to heat and drying

Remain dormant for long time

Only in some gram positive bacteria

Returns to vegetative (growing) state when environmental conditions improve

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8
Q

Capsules

A

Made of polysaccharides and covers the cell wall to shield the bacteria from phagocytic responses

Think invisibility cloak

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9
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans

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10
Q

Microbiome

A

A community of microorganisms living in a particular environment

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11
Q

Biofilm

A

An assemblage of microbial cells adhering to a surface (living or no living)and enclosed in a polysaccharide matrix; they help make bacteria resistant to antimicrobial agents and physical disruption

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12
Q

Compare similarities in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Both have DNA and ribosomes and organelles

Can be asexual

Can have flagellum

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13
Q

Contrast differences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotes have membrane bound nucleus containing genetic info, prokaryotes do not.

Eukaryotes have multiple strands of diploid genome, prokaryotes have a single circular haploid genome and can contain plasmids

Eukaryotes don’t have a cell wall except for fungi, all prokaryotes do.

Eukaryotes produce sexual and asexual, prokaryotes on sexual by binary fission

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14
Q

How do you classify bacteria?

A

Using the genus and species. Genus is always capitalized, species is never. Both can be italicized or underlined, but never both.

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15
Q

Compare strains and isolates

A

A strain is a genetically identical or clonal representatives of a species. An isolate is a representative bacterial colony taken from a specific source, like a Petri dish.

Different isolates can be the same strain, but different strains can not be the same isolate.

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16
Q

Koch’s postulates

A
  1. Microorganism must be present in every case of the infectious disease
  2. Microorganisms can be isolated in pure culture
  3. Inoculation of pure culture into animals produces similar disease
  4. The same species of microorganisms must be recovered from the diseased animal.

Are they necessarily true with modern information? No, none are.

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17
Q

Host

A

The patient

18
Q

Parasite

A

Anything that invades and causes infectious disease

19
Q

Pathogen

A

A microorganism capable of causing an infectious disease

20
Q

Primary pathogen

A

Microorganism that regularly causes infection and disease in non immune host. (You can get it with a healthy immune system)

21
Q

Opportunistic pathogen

A

Microorganism that rarely causes disease in healthy humans, rather it gets you when your defense systems have already been compromised

22
Q

Commensalism

A

Colonization. A relationship where one benefits and the other neither benefits no retains damages

23
Q

Symbiosis

A

A mutually beneficial relationship

24
Q

Parasitism

A

A relationship where one benefits and the other is harmed

25
Q

Infection

A

Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in or on a host

26
Q

Virulence

A

The degree of pathogenicity and extent to which microorganisms can cause damage to the infected host

27
Q

Carrier

A

An infected host that carries a latent form of a microorganism due to genetics.

Typhoid Mary

28
Q

Examples of host defenses

A 
Microbiome
An atomic barriers
Cilia in respiratory tract
Mucous layer
Stomach acid
Peristalsis in GI tract
Chemical inhibitors 
antibodies
Neutrophils
29
Q

Behaviors leading to disease

A 
Behaviors
Occupation
Age, gender, genetics
Prior viral infections 
foreign body
Diabetes
Burns
Immunosuppressive drugs
30
Q

Microbial factors leading to disease

A 
Evade immune response (capsules)
Antibiotic cleaving
Attachment ability 
Exotoxins
Endotoxins
Enzyme excretion
31
Q

Disease transmission

Endogenous sources

Exogenous sources

A

Within body
Breaks in natural barrier after trauma, change in host defense mechanisms

Outside of body
Inhalation, ingestion, direct contact, animal contact, fomites (inanimate objects it can live on)

32
Q

Sanitation

A

Reduces number of microorganisms on inanimate objects as judged by public health standards

33
Q

Antiseptics

A

Chemicals applied to SKIN to kill pathogens and reduce normal flora organisms

34
Q

Disinfectant

A

Chemicals applied to inanimate objects to destroy pathogenic microorganisms

35
Q

Sterility

A

An absolute state that is free from all VIABLE forms of microorganisms

36
Q

Cide/cidal

A

To kill

37
Q

Stasis/static

A

To prevent multiplication

38
Q

Sepsis

A

Toxic condition from microbial presence or toxins in the body

39
Q

Asepsis

A

A goal of reaching a condition free from viable organisms

40
Q

Nosocomial infection

A

Infection acquired in hospital or other health care provider

41
Q

What is the purpose of soap?

A

To remove oils and dead skin cells that may harbor microorganisms. Does not kill microbes, it gets rid of their environment

Medical Microbiology (2 decks)

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