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Environmental Science > Exam 1 Terms > Flashcards

Exam 1 Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Acropolis

A

High town; citadel of an ancient Greek city, containing temples and public
buildings.

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2
Q

Ambulatory

A

An aisle around the apse.

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3
Q

Apse

A

Semi-circle extension to a building over a pinnacle point.

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4
Q

Aqueduct

A

Roman aqueducts are long channels used to supply fresh water to highly populated areas.

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5
Q

Arch

A

Semi-circle construction, looks like a doorway. Can be used in windows. Made up of voussoirs. It requires centering with temporary scaffolding.

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6
Q

Architrave

A

The lowest part of an entablature that extends across column to column.

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7
Q

Baptistery

A

A hall or chapel situated close to, or connected with, a church, in which the sacrament of baptism is administered.

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8
Q

Barrel Vault

A

An arch continued along a longitudinal axis.

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9
Q

Base

A

Bottom most part of a column. Really only started with Greek Ionic columns and later.

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10
Q

Basilica

A

Roman building. Served as a central place for public gathering.

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11
Q

Campanile

A

A bell tower, usually built beside or attached to a church. Usually separate building.

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12
Q

Capital

A

The top of a column, can be rounded, designed, square, etc. It broadens the supporting surface of the column.

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13
Q

Caryatid

A

Sculptured female figures used as columns or support.

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14
Q

Cella

A

The body of a Greek temple, where the image of the deity is housed.

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15
Q

Centering

A

A central plan (Byzantine) of buildings is where they radiate from a central point.

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16
Q

Clerestory

A

Wall or structure that rises above the adjoining roof and contains windows.

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17
Q

Coffer

A

The recessed elements of a monumental ceiling or vault. They diminish in size closer to the oculus.

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18
Q

Column

A

Vertical elements in architecture that support weight on top, or are just aesthetic. The “orders” of architecture. Used first by the Greeks. Made up of three parts (Capital, Shaft, Base)

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19
Q

Compression

A

Romans construction exploited structures built in compression. Used physics and weight to hold up their structures.

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20
Q

Corbelling

A

Technique where stone, wood, brick, etc. are stacked and placed overlapping each other. Used to create entryways of pyramids. Protrudes from a wall to carry weight.

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21
Q

Corinthian

A

The third of the 3 columns. The most slender, proportions of a young maiden, ornate capitals of leaves and scrolls.

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22
Q

Cornice

A

The topmost part of an entablature.

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23
Q

Crossing

A

Where the transept and the nave intersect.

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24
Q

Dome

A

The arch rotated on its center. Shows up in Roman architecture.

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25
Q

Doric

A

The first of the 3 columns. Had no base, designed to proportions of a man, feature entasis (slight outward curve). Originated in the mainland.

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26
Q

Elevation

A

A view of a building seen from one side, a flat representation of one façade.

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27
Q

Entablature

A

Horizontal elements supported by columns and composed of the architrave, frieze, and cornice.

28
Q

Fan Vault

A

A type of vaulting in Gothic architecture in which the ribs resemble the shape of a fan. ENGLISH Gothic.

29
Q

Flute

A

Vertical grooving in the shaft of a column.

30
Q

Flying Buttress

A

A structure slanting from another, used to support the weight of a structure. Usually forms an arch. Gothic feature.

31
Q

Frescoes

A

A painting technique where colored pigments are applied to a damp plaster wall so they become integral when the wall dries.

32
Q

Frieze

A

The middle part of an entablature.

33
Q

Groin Vault

A

The intersection of two barrel vaults of equal span over a square space.

34
Q

Hammer Beam Truss

A

A timber roof system to give greater height in the center. ENGLISH Gothic.

35
Q

Hypocaust

A

Heating in Roman housing in which hot air from furnaces circulates through an underfloor and wall system of ducts.

36
Q

Hypostyle

A

Having a roof that is supported by columns/posts. Post and Beam construction (trabeated).

37
Q

Ionic

A

The second of the 3 columns. Has a base, thinner and fluted shaft, proportions of a woman. Originated in the Aegean islands.

38
Q

Keystone

A

The center wedge shaped stone of an arch. Top-most voussoirs.

39
Q

Mastaba

A

A rectangular superstructure of ancient Egyptian tombs, built of mud brick or, later, stone, with sloping walls and a flat roof.

40
Q

Metope

A

A rectangular architectural element that fills the space between two triglyphs in a Doric frieze.

41
Q

Mosaic

A

A pattern or image made of small rectangular or irregular shapes of stone, glass, or ceramic held in place by a mortar and covering a surface.

42
Q

Narthex

A

Lobby or entrance hall of a Basilica.

43
Q

Nave

A

The long and narrow part of a Roman basilica or christian church. Where people sit in modern day curches.

44
Q

Necropolis

A

A large, designed cemetery with elaborate tomb monuments. Greek.

45
Q

Neolithic

A

Part of the Stone Age. Stonehenge

46
Q

Oculus

A

A small window that is circular or oval shaped. The opening at the top center of domes.

47
Q

Onion Dome

A

A dome rounded in the bottom/middle and pointed at the top. Shows up first in Byzantine.

48
Q

Pediment

A

The triangular gabled end of a temple roof above the entablature. (In Roman housing, they were rounded).

49
Q

Pendentive

A

The triangular portion of a sphere which forms a transition from a square bay into a circle for the springing of a dome.

50
Q

Perspective

A

The representation of three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional (flat) surface

51
Q

Pilaster

A

A square or rectangular column embedded in and projecting slightly from a wall. Usually aesthetic and not for structural purposes. Shows up in Roman architecture.

52
Q

Plan

A

The overall design of a building.

53
Q

Pozzolana

A

A volcanic ash used as concrete. Made up of lime, sand, and water mixed into the ash.

54
Q

Rose Window

A

Large rounded, decorated stained glass windows. Mostly Gothic, show up in Romanesque.

55
Q

Scaffolding

A

Used in centering arches, used to support arches during construction.

56
Q

Section

A

The drawing of a vertical cut through a building or an area of a building

57
Q

Shaft

A

The middle part of a column, where flutes are. Main support of a column.

58
Q

Side Aisle

A

One of the corridors running parallel to the nave of a church and separated from it by an arcade or colonade.

59
Q

Spire

A

Tall, thin pyramidal structures on top of Gothic structures to increase the height appearance.

60
Q

Tracery

A

Patterns and shapes of moulding above windows. Aesthetic. Gothic feature.

61
Q

Transept

A

The arms set at right angles to the nave.

62
Q

Travertine

A

A type of limestone distinguished by pores and cavities creating an open texture.

63
Q

Triglyph

A

A projecting, carved decorative panel made up of three vertical bands separated by two vertical channels.

64
Q

Volute

A

Spiral scrolls on capital of columns. Appeared on Ionic columns first.

65
Q

Vomitaria

A

Passageways that open into a tier of seating. Introduced on the Roman Colosseum.

66
Q

Voussoirs

A

Wedge shaped blocks used to form an arch.

66
Q

Ziggurat

A

Mesopotamian temple made of sun-dried and fried mud brick.

Environmental Science (1 decks)

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