Exam 1 Terms

Question 1

Old Stone Age

Answer 1

Paleolithic (as opposed to neolithic); 31,000 to 10,000 BCE. New Stone Age/neolithic is when agriculture started

Question 2

Napoleon’s invasion/occupation of Spain 1808-14

Answer 2

France occupied Spain. Popular resistance across city and country. Goya became the leading recording instrument.

Question 3

Vietnam War, 1962-74

Answer 3

US in unpopular war in SE Asia.

Question 4

Tet Offensive

Answer 4

Turning point in the Vietnam War for the US. When Eddie Adams shot his famous execution photo.

Question 5

Saigon

Answer 5

Now Ho Chi Mihn city. Former capital of South Vietnam

Question 6

POV Shot

Answer 6

A character’s Point of View. How the scene looks to the character.

Question 7

editing

Answer 7

how shots are combined in a movie

Question 8

Ed Gein

Answer 8

real-life murderer whose story inspired Psycho

Question 9

Realism

Answer 9

19th-century art movement that originated in France in the 1840’s to counter Romanticism. The popularity of realism grew with the invention of photography. The Realists depicted everyday subjects and situations in contemporary settings and attempted to depict individuals of all social classes in a similar manner.

Question 10

perspective box

Answer 10

The perspective box or peepshow is an optical device which enables an artist to create a convincing illusion of interior (or, more rarely, exterior) space. Using a complex perspectival construction, the four inside walls of a wooden box are painted to simulate the space and the scene is then viewed through a carefully positioned eyehole. The eye is deceived into believing that this is really the inside of a room.

Question 11

vanishing point

Answer 11

A vanishing point is a single point on the horizon line in an image where parallel lines converge to give the illusion of depth. Vanishing points are an integral concept in linear perspective techniques that were popularized by influential painters and artists during the Renaissance

Question 12

anamorphic image (anamorphosis)

Answer 12

Anamorphic images are images of objects which have been distorted in some way so that only by viewing them from some particular direction or in some particular optical surface do they become recognizable.

(Anamorphosis is a distorted projection requiring the viewer to occupy a specific vantage point, use special devices, or both to view a recognizable image. It is used in painting, photography, sculpture and installation, toys, and film special effects. The word is derived from the Greek prefix ana-, meaning “back” or “again”, and the word morphe, meaning “shape” or “form”. Extreme anamorphosis has been used by artists to disguise caricatures, erotic and scatological scenes, and other furtive images from a casual spectator while revealing an undistorted image to the knowledgeable viewer.)

Question 13

bokeh effect

Answer 13

is the aesthetic quality of the blur produced in out-of-focus parts of an image.

Question 14

prism

Answer 14

a transparent body that is bounded in part by two nonparallel plane faces and is used to refract or disperse a beam of light.

Question 15

montage

Answer 15

the production of a rapid succession of images in a motion picture to illustrate an association of ideas

Question 16

framing devices

Answer 16

A story within a story is what’s known as a Framing Device, a plot device used frequently to structure movies

Question 17

cameo appearance

Answer 17

<p>a brief appearance or voice part of a well-known person in a work of the performing arts</p>

Question 18

Rembrandt lighting

Answer 18

Rembrandt lighting is a standard lighting technique that is used in studio portrait photography and cinematography.It can be achieved using one light and a reflector, or two lights, and is popular because it is capable of producing images that appear both natural and compelling with a minimum of equipment. Rembrandt lighting is characterized by an illuminated triangle (also called “Rembrandt patch”) under the eye of the subject on the less illuminated side of the face. It is named for the Dutch painter Rembrandt, who occasionally used this type of lighting

Question 19

Sarah Bernhardt

Answer 19

French actress photographed by Nadar

Question 20

carte-de-visite

Answer 20

The carte de visite is a type of small photograph which was patented in Paris by photographer Disdéri in 1854. Each photograph was the size of a visiting card, and such photograph cards were commonly traded among friends and visitors in the 1860s. Albums for the collection and display of cards became a common fixture in Victorian parlors. The immense popularity of these card photographs led to the publication and collection of photographs of prominent persons.

Question 21

hypo

Answer 21

Sodium thiosulfate is one of the few known substances that will dissolve silver bromide. As such it is universally used in modern photographic procedures. In this process known as “fixation,” the unexposed silver bromide is dissolved in the sodium thiosulfate by combining with it to form soluble complex thiosulfates of silver and sodium. Discovered by Herschel

Question 22

photogenic drawing (photogram)

Answer 22

What Talbot called photograms. Invented by Talbot in 1834 produces photographs without a camera.

Question 23

The Pencil of Nature

Answer 23

the first commercially published book illustrated with photographs produced by Talbot

Question 24

combination print

Answer 24

composite photograph

Question 25

Thomas Couture, The Romans of the Decadence

Answer 25

Thomas Couture was a 19th Century French history painter and teacher. The Romans of the Decadence is a history painting that shows Romans partying while a few look on and judge. Made 10 years before, it inspired Rejlander’s Two Ways of Life

Question 26

Raphael, School of Athens

Answer 26

Fresco in the Vatican that was influential on Couture’s The Romans of the Decadence and Rejlander’s Two Ways of Life

Question 27

Lincoln’s “Cooper Union” portrait

Answer 27

The Brady photograph became iconic as it was the model for engravings that were widely distributed, and the image would be the basis for campaign posters in the 1860 election. The Brady photograph has become known as the “Cooper Union Portrait.”

Question 28

pre-Raphaelite painting

Answer 28

As photography gained a foothold in the 1840s, John Everett Millais, William Holman Hunt, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti formed the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. These young painters and their followers wished to return to the purity, sincerity, and clarity of detail found in medieval and early Renaissance art that preceded Raphael (1483–1520).

Question 29

Whistler and tonalism

Answer 29

Working within a carefully chosen palette of closely related colors, the Tonalists aspired to emulate musicality and inspire contemplation. By arranging color and forms, they believed that landscapes could evoke emotion and suggest deep, cosmic harmonies. Their gentle color schemes and softly brushed contours quickly became popular, influencing musicians and poets. Unlike their contemporaries, such as the Luminists and the Impressionists, the Tonalists favored cool palettes and often chose nocturnal or modest scenes of contemplative quiet. The simplicity and attention to composition found in Tonalism contributed to the abstractions that would develop in 20th-century American modernism. Whistler was a tonalist

Question 30

Monet / Impressionism

Answer 30

Claude Monet was the leader of the French Impressionist movement, literally giving the movement its name. As an inspirational talent and personality, he was crucial in bringing its adherents together. Interested in painting in the open air and capturing natural light, Monet would later bring the technique to one of its most famous pinnacles with his series of paintings, in which his observations of the same subject, viewed at various times of the day, were captured in numerous sequences. Masterful as a colorist and as a painter of light and atmosphere, his later work often achieved a remarkable degree of abstraction, and this has recommended him to subsequent generations of abstract painters.

Impressionism is perhaps the most important movement in the whole of modern painting. At some point in the 1860s, a group of young artists decided to paint, very simply, what they saw, thought, and felt. They weren’t interested in painting history, mythology, or the lives of great men, and they didn’t seek perfection in visual appearances. Instead, as their name suggests, the Impressionists tried to get down on canvas an “impression” of how a landscape, thing, or person appeared to them at a certain moment in time. This often meant using much lighter and looser brushwork than painters had up until that point, and painting out of doors, en plein air. The Impressionists also rejected official exhibitions and painting competitions set up by the French government, instead organizing their own group exhibitions, which the public were initially very hostile to. All of these moves predicted the emergence of modern art, and the whole associated philosophy of the avant-garde.

Question 31

Lady Hawarden

Answer 31

Lady Clementina Hawarden (1822 – 65) was a pioneering and prolific amateur photographer who captured some 800 photographs, mostly sun-drenched portraits of her daughters, from her home in South Kensington, London.

Question 32

Gov Leland Stanford

Answer 32

Wealthy Californian who hired Muybridge to settle the horse galloping bet

Question 33

Animal Locomotion (1887)

Answer 33

Muybridge made his most enduring work in the project Animal Locomotion, between 1884 and 1887 for the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Each plate in the series shows the same subject in sequential phases of one action. Muybridge recorded varied forms of movement in a wide range of animals, mostly taken at Philadelphia zoo, from pigeons in flight to the subtleties of gait found in sloths, camels and capybaras. Muybridge also documented human subjects walking, running and descending staircases and engaging in boxing, fencing, weight lifting and wrestling.

Question 34

chronophotograph

Answer 34

a photograph or a series of photographs of a moving object taken to record and exhibit successive phases of the object’s motion.

Question 35

zoetrope

Answer 35

A zoetrope is one of several pre-film animation devices that produce the illusion of motion by displaying a sequence of drawings or photographs showing progressive phases of that motion.

Question 36

cinematographe

Answer 36

Cinématographe, one of the first motion-picture apparatuses, used as both camera and projector. The invention of Louis and Auguste Lumière,

Question 37

kinetoscope

Answer 37

The Kinetoscope is an early motion-picture exhibition device. The Kinetoscope was designed for films to be viewed by one individual at a time through a peephole viewer window at the top of the device.
Inventor: Thomas Edison; William Kennedy Dickson

Question 38

single shot movie

Answer 38

A one-shot cinema, one-take film, single-take film, continuous shot feature film, or a “oner”, is a full-length movie filmed in one long take by a single camera, or manufactured to give the impression it was.

Question 39

Selenites / Selene

Answer 39

people who live on the moon named after Selene the Greek moon goddess

Question 40

1905 Potemkin mutiny

Answer 40

basis for the Battleship Potemkin movie by Sergein Eisenstein

Question 41

1917 (October) Russian Revolution

Answer 41

the revolution that placed the Bolsheviks in power

Question 42

Odessa Steps Sequence

Answer 42

In the Odessa Steps sequence a crowd of friendly citizens has gathered on the steps leading down to the port of Odessa to celebrate the victory of the mutinous sailors over the Czarist officers on the battleship Potemkin, which is now waving the red flag of revolution offshore. Suddenly, from out of nowhere, lines of government soldiers appear at the top of the steps, and begin firing into the crowd. The action of this scene alone is an attraction or spectacle

Question 43

German Expressionism in painting (1905-1925)

Answer 43

Expressionism emphasized the expression of inner experience rather than solely realistic portrayal, seeking to depict not objective reality but the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse in the artist. The artist sought to depict the subjective emotions & responses that objects and events arouse in him. He accomplishes this through distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and fantasy and through the vivid, jarring, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements.

Question 44

Die Brucke, Dresden

Answer 44

a group of German expressionist artists formed in Dresden in 1905. Founding members were Fritz Bleyl, Erich Heckel, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner and Karl Schmidt-Rottluff. Later members were Emil Nolde, Max Pechstein and Otto Mueller. The seminal group had a major impact on the evolution of modern art in the 20th century and the creation of expressionism

Question 45

German Expressionist Film

Answer 45

As the name suggests, German expressionist filmmakers used visual distortion and hyper-expressive performance to show inner turmoils, fears and desires of that era. German Expressionism reflects the inner conflicts of its 1920s German audience by giving their woes an inescapably external presence. By rejecting cinematic realism, expressionist films showcase dramatic, revolutionary interpretations of the human condition.

Question 46

The Cabinet of Dr Caligari (1920)

Answer 46

a 1920 German silent horror film, directed by Robert Wiene. Considered the quintessential work of German Expressionist cinema, it tells the story of an insane hypnotist (Werner Krauss) who uses a somnambulist (Conrad Veidt) to commit murders. The film features a dark and twisted visual style, with sharp-pointed forms, oblique and curving lines, structures, and landscapes that lean and twist in unusual angles, and shadows and streaks of light painted directly onto the sets.

Question 47

Nosferatu (1922)

Answer 47

silent German Expressionist horror film directed by F. W. Murnau and starring Max Schreck as Count Orlok, a vampire who preys on the wife (Greta Schröder) of his estate agent (Gustav von Wangenheim) and brings the plague to their town. Nosferatu is an unauthorized and unofficial adaptation of Bram Stoker’s 1897 novel Dracula.