Exam 1 Terms Flashcards
Alternative explanations
These are used to rule out other reasons for the observed outcomes.
Applied research
Scientific study focusing on solving problems, real world situations.
Basic research
Answers questions about nature of behavior
What is the measured thing within research?
Dependent variable
What is manipulated in research?
Independent variable
What is the control?
What you are comparing your independent variable to. Gives a base line.
Hypothesis
One possible answer to the question being asked. It is an the idea or questioned being studied
What type of review summaries past research?
Literature review, meta analysis is many studies about the same topic.
What is a theory article?
Gives the framework to understand a phenomenon.
Empirical research
Is the research that had been conducted and the data gathered to answer the question.
What are the goals of social science?
Describe the signs and symptoms
Predict the larger issues
Determine the cause or reason
Explain findings
Present/present bias
Focuses only on what is there and not what is missing or absent.
Conformation bias
Only looking for evidence that supports their claim
What are the three principles of Bulmont?
Beneficence: benefits and risks should be minimal
Respect for persons: they are able to decide to be in the study or not
Justice: receiving benefits of research as well as bearing the risks
Construct validity
Measuring the idea being asked
Internal validity
Are there other explanations for the results and how do you remove these confounds
External validity
The results need to be generalized based on populations. This can be manipulated depending on who you are studying
Statistical validity
Use a large sample to look at effect size
What is the difference between type I errors and type II errors?
Type I - Conclude that there is an effect when there is not (false alarm)
Type II - Conclude that there is not an effect when there actual is one (miss)
What is operational definition?
A definition of a variable is the set o procedures used to measure or manipulate the variable.
Construct validity
The accuracy of the definition. Does the variable actually reflect the theoretical meaning of the variable?
What are third-variable problem?
The relationship between the two variables
Confounding variables
When tow variables are intertwined
What are is the different between measure and manipulation?
Variables that are measured are dependent
Variables that are manipulated is independent
What are the three types of claims?
Frequency
Association
Causal
What is a frequency claim?
Single variable
How often? How many? What problem?
What is association claim?
Two variables
No causation is implied: it is not clear what the cause is.
What is causal claim?
At least two variables
One variable causes the other variable
What are the three parts to causal claims?
Covariance
Temporal precedence
Internal validity
Covariance
There is an association between A and B
Temporal precedence
A comes before B in time
Internal validity
There is not other possible causes for B except A
What is internal consistency reliability?
Assessment of reliability using responses at only one point in time
Nominal Scale
No numerical or quantitative properties categories groups by differences (sex, age, species)
Orainal Scale
Ranks order of levels of the variables
gold, silver, bronze
Intervals and Ratio Scales
Difference between numbers on scale are meaningful, have absolute zero point that indicate absences of variable being measured
Double barreled questions
Questions that ask two things
Loaded Questions
Written two long or not clear
Negative wording
Negative words in the question that would put a bias
