Exam 1 Stuff Flashcards
Basra
one out of three administered units in Iraq
-right next to end of where Tigris and Euphrates meet in Iraq
colonel Qaddafi
former prime minister of Libya when Italians come in
- Great Man-Made river is man under his rule
Great Man Made river
system of pipes built during Qaddafi’s rule that brings water into coastal regions of Libya
Christopher Stevens
American ambassador (Berkeley alum) in Libya that was killed in 2012 when the U.S special mission in Benghazi was attacked by radical Islamic terrorists on 9/11.
Battle of Algiers
film that showed struggle between Algeria and French
Algeria
also a part of Ottoman Empire
- in 1871, made into a “department” (like a state) for France
- eventually French gave it up after millions of Algerians wanted independence.
Zein el-Abidin Ben Ali
Former president of Tunisia that treated Tunisia as a property —> corruption.
- middle class starts to shrink, gap between rich and poor widens.
- In December 2010 and January 2011, riots over unemployment escalated into a widespread popular protest movement against Ben Ali’s government.
- A month later, he flees to Saudi Arabia due to economic unrest.
Tunisia
- where Arab Spring began
- stable economy
- originally under Ottoman control, then French took over until 1956
Maronites
make up 55% population of Lebanon and identify with Christian West
Hezbollah
want elimination of state of Israel, caused trouble between Lebanon and Israel
- religious organization that provides social services that government fails to do
- Shi’ite militant group, sent soldiers to Syria to support Bashar
Maghreb
term used to describe the four African countries west of Egypt
Mohamed Bouazizi
street vendor who set himself on fire and started the Tunisia Revolution and the Arab Spring in Tunisia and the rest of the Middle East
Mohamed Mossadegh
prime minister of Iran, overthrown by the U.S
- democratic, liberal
- wanted to take over oil industry and give it to Iran
- U.S eventually overthrew him
“The Shah”
Muhammed Reza Pahlavi Shah(1941-1979)
-during his rule, oil becomes dominant in Iran
King Muhammad VI
king of Morocco
Yasir Arafat
leader of PLO, Arab Nationalist, Anti-zionist,
-desired two state solution
PLO
Palestinian Leadership Organization
-believed i liberating Palestine in armed struggle
National Pact of 1943
What it was: embraced local identities instead of one national identity Other things: -confessional based system -president = Maronite -prime minister = Muslim -18 different groups hold power seats
Indo-european languages
descended from proto-European
-examples: Pakistan, Indian, Persian, Kurdish, Armenian, Pashtun
Semitic Family
examples: Hebrew, Aramic (language of Jesus), Amharic, Arabic, Turkish
Altaic Family
Turkish
Druze
branch of Shia, picked up new practices and beliefs, believe God=everywhere
Amazeigh
Berbers, mean free people
King Farouq
king of Egypt from 1936-1952,
-goal was to drive out the British, was unsuccessful:(
Anwar Sadat
former president of Egypt,came after Nassar
Husni Mubarak
ruled from 1981-2001, undid Nassar policies of Arab Socialism
-dictator
Muhammed Morsi
part of Muslim Brotherhood
- came after Mubarak
- dictator
- Islamist
el-Sisi
current president of Egypt
Ashkenazi
Jews that trace their ancestry back to Europe
Mizrachi
Jews who live largely in Arab lands
-trace roots back to Spain and North Africa
Iran-Iraq war
Iraq (more like Sadam Hussein) invaded Iran because he wants to take Western part of Iran
-U.S in spport of Iran (provided images)
First Gulf war
Iraq invades Kuwait, U.S comes in to stop it
Indo-European languages
descended from proto-European
-examples: Pakistan,Indian, Persian, Kurdish, Armenian, Pashtun
Semitic languages
examples: Hebrew, Aramic(language of Jesus), Amharic, and Arabic
Romance languages
Romanian, English, Greek, Latin, Hindi, Armenian, Persian, Russian
Houthi
name of tribe that practices Shia Islam, desire authority
- anti-government, rebel forces
- took over capital in 2014, forced government to flee
- own large percent of land in Yemen
proxy war in Yemen
- Houthi= rebel forces backed by Iran are fighting against Yemen/government
- government is supported by Saudi Arabia and they fled there when Houthis took over capital in 2014
- Proxy way is between Saudi Arabia and Iran on Yemen soil
Black september
Sept. 16, 1960, King Hussein’s army attack Palestinian settlements in Jordan
Alawi
10% of Syrians
Kurds in Turkey= Alawi
-sect/division of Shia Islam, believe in the Twelvers
Druze
off branch of Shi’i
Palestinian Authority
ultimate goal=to form authority in West Bank
- created in 1993 as result of Oslo Accords
Egyptian rulers
King Farouq(1936-1952)–> Gamal al Nasser (1954-1970)–> Anwar Sadat(1970-1981)–> Husni Mubarak (1981-2001)–> Muhammed Morsi–> el-Sisi(current president)
Saddam Hussein
ruled from 1970-2003
- brutal dictator, authoritative figure
- started Iraq-Iran war and first Gulf War
Gulf War
1990- Iraq invades Kuwait to capture oil, U.S sends troops, Iraq quits soon (they got scared!)
Iraq-Iran War
lasted from 1980-2003, Iraq invades Iran
- U.S helps Iran fight Iraq by providing satellite images
- ruins Iraq economy
Gulf War II
began in 2003, lasted a year
- U.S invades Iraq
- payback for 9/11
Roadblocks to 1993
Israelis captured West Bank, no Jews present, then they encouraged Jews to move in once they occupied
Arabs aren’t allowed in settlements
1972-1500 settlers in West bank, 200,00 settlers in 1993, 350,000 to 400,000 of Jews in west bank more recently
These settlements have more resources allocated to them compared to Arabs
Israel government built roads and highways that have linked houses of settlements in this area
confessionalism
define yourself first by your ethnic group
Jordan
created by British after WWI
- independence in 1946
- run under monarchy
- Arab Spring did not affect
Who is current king of Jordan?
King Abdallah (1999-NOW)
constitutional monarchy
king has power, but has limits
Wahhabi
reform movement, original goal to return Islam to narrow Islam
-very strict version of Islam, practiced in Saudi Arabia
What are the dominant class in bahrain?
ruling family= Sunni
minority group= Shi’i
Gulf states affected by arab spring?
Bahrain, Kuwait
Ayatollah Khomeini
spiritual leader, takes control over shah
Islamic Revolution
- 1979
- opposition to Shah, mostly from people on street (lower class)
- results in Islamic republic being created
Islamic republic
established after revolution, created Islamic government where there were two types of ruling people
- Ayatollah
- president
Who is the current president of Iran?
Husanik Rouhani
Ethics groups in Iran
Kurds- in the north, mostly Sunni
- Azeris
- Arabs-live on border near Iraq
Taliban
terrorist organization rooted in Wahhabi Islam
- grew out of fundamentalist, Islamic schools with Pashtun students who were indoctrinated
- education was funded by Saudi Arabia
Iraq vs Iran
Iraq= Sunni
Iran=Shi’i
